Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh

Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh
Lembaga Wali Nanggroe Aceh (Acehnese)
Lembaga Kepala Negara Aceh (Indonesian)
Traditional leadership institution overview
JurisdictionAceh
HeadquartersBanda Aceh
Traditional leadership institution executives
Key document
  • Aceh Government Law Number 11 of 2006
Websitewalinanggroe.acehprov.go.id

The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh (Acehnese: Lembaga Wali Nanggroe Aceh; Indonesian: Lembaga Kepala Negara Aceh) is an institution that regulates traditional leadership in Aceh.[1] This institution acts as a unifier of Acehnese society under independent principles. The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh also holds the authority and power to guide and supervise the implementation of the life of traditional institutions, traditional ceremonies, as well as conferring honorary degrees.[2] This institution also acts as a guardian of Aceh's honor, customs, historical traditions, and civilization.[3]

The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh is a form of Aceh's special status as mandated by the Helsinki Peace Agreement (MoU). The provisions for the institution are set out in point 1.1.7 of the Helsinki MoU. This mandate was then stated in Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh, and Article 96 Paragraph 4 and Article 97 concerning the Wali Nanggroe Aceh, further provisions of which are regulated by Aceh regional regulations (qanun).

History

Background and beginning

The sociological life of the Acehnese people is closely related to political, economic, educational and socio-cultural developments, as well as internal and external relations between society and its environment. The arrival of Islam in Aceh in the 13th century, where Sultan of Aceh, Ali Mughayat Syah, was the first ruler who set an example for embracing Islam (1507–1522), then replaced by his son Salahuddin (1522–1530), has built and planted aspects of leadership in a monarchical system of government as a symbol of the unity and oneness of the monarchical caliphate.[4]

This monarchical leadership system is sustainable, it can be interpreted as the continuity of the guardianship system of government (hereditary), although during the time of Iskandar Muda (1607–1636), there was a change by appointing Iskandar Thani (not his son) to continue the duties of the sultanate and subsequent developments in the era of the Sultanate of Aceh's reign ended, sociological developments from the end of the leadership of the Acehnese people, shifting into the Republic of Indonesia, in which the Aceh region became one of the provinces within it.[5]

The history of Aceh explains that the Aceh War took place on 26 March 1873. The Acehnese troops were led by Chik di Tiro and the Dutch troops were led by General Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler. Dutch troops were defeated by Acehnese troops, and General Kohler was sentenced to death by the Aceh Sultanate Court.[5] After the Dutch experienced defeat at that time, then the Dutch made a second expedition on 25 December 1873 led by Jan van Swieten, Meanwhile, the Acehnese side was led by Mahmud Syah II. At that time, the Acehnese troops at the Kutaraja fortress were defeated by the Dutch troops.[5]

On 28 January 1874, the chairman of the Council of Tuha Peut of the Aceh Sultanate, Tuanku Muhammad Raja Keumala, made the decision that: “in a state of chaos/infidel war, then to unite us all we have decided that customary power, law, reusam under the highest leadership then appointed: "Al-Mutabbir, Al-Malik, Al-Mukarram" (Wali Nanggroe Aceh) Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Saman bin Abdullah". Chik di Tiro led the war for 17 years, until on 29 December 1891 he was poisoned in Kuta Aneuk Galong which was the Aceh Fort at that time. On 31 December 1891, at 5 pm at Aneuk Galong Fort, the male troops sat in a row on the left of Chik di Tiro and on the right the female troops also sat in a row.

The will of His Majesty the Wali Nanggroe Qceh, Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Saman bin Abdullah, namely:

  • For the male troops: Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Saman bin Abdullah, said: "Don't live if you don't fight the infidels and don't die if you don't die as a martyr, are you all listening?"; "Samiek na wa ath'ak na (We hear and we obey)", replied the male troops.
  • For the female troops: Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Saman bin Abdullah, said: "O daughters, do not live without prayer and do not die without faith. Do you all hear it?"; "Samiek na wa ath'ak na (We are with and we obey)", replied the female troops. After that, Tengku Tjik Di Tiro said two sentences of the shahada; "laa Ilaaha illallah" seven times over and over again, he go.[5]

On 1 January 1892, Chik di Tiro was appointed as the 2nd Wali Nanggroe Aceh and he was martyred in 1896 in Kuta Aneuk Galong Fort due to betrayal by Teuku Umar. Next, his son, Teungku Chik di Tiro Abdussalam bin Muhammad Saman was appointed as the 3rd Wali Nanggroe Aceh and he was martyred in 1898, who was replaced by Teungku Chik di Tiro Sulaiman bin Muhammad Saman who was appointed as the 4th Wali Nanggroe Aceh, he was martyred in 1902.

In 1902, Teungku Chik di Tiro Ubaidillah bin Muhammad Saman was appointed as the 5th Wali Nanggroe Aceh. Not long in power, he died in 1905. In 1905, Teungku Chik di Tiro Mahyiddin bin Muhammad Saman was appointed the 6th Wali Nanggroe Aceh and he died on 11 December 1910. The temporary Wali Nanggroe Aceh was Teungku Chik Ulhee Tutue, or known as Chik di Tiro Muhammad Hasan, who was died on 3 June 1911.

The 7th Wali Nanggroe Aceh Teungku Chik di Tiro Muaz bin Muhammad Amin, on 4 June 1911, the Battle of Alue Bout occurred. The Dutch troops were led by Captain Smith and the Acehnese troops were led by Teungku Chik di Tiro Muaz bin Muhammad Amin. Captain Smith attacked 44 Aceh State Army troops where Teungku Chik di Tiro Muaz was in the troops. The crown prince never gave up and finally was martyred along with his troops. Captain Smith stated; "I am very proud to have killed the crown prince of Aceh, but I am very embarrassed because he never gave up and was still young". On 3 December 1911, Teungku Chik di Tiro Muaz bin Muhammad Amin died, the Dutch took the Letter of Wali Nanggroe Aceh in a cap (tengkulok). Then, the letter was taken to the Netherlands and kept in the Bronbeek Museum.[6]

In 1968, Teungku Hasan Muhammad di Tiro took the letter back and handed it over to him by the Queen of the Netherlands (Queen Beatrix). In 1971, he returned to Aceh after 25 years of traveling to several countries. Then, he handed the letter to Teungku Chik di Tiro Umar bin Mahyiddin, and at that time Teungku Hasan Muhammad di Tiro was confirmed and appointed the 8th Wali Nanggroe Aceh. In 1974, Teungku Muhammad di Tiro returned to Aceh for the second time and held discussions with religious leaders and former DI/TII fighters. From the results of this deliberation, on 4 December 1976, the Royal Declaration Continued was declared, which gave birth to the struggle for Acehnese independence.

Changes in the leadership system from the sultanate system to the national state system, Acehnese society from a sociological political aspect has an impact on leading to a democratic system and people's choice, even though at that time the implementation of this system was very laden with centralized political values. This is proven by the fact that general elections have never been held to produce leaders chosen by the people, either at the national or provincial, regency, and city levels. This condition has made the Acehnese people ultimately lose the meaning of leadership of the Wali Nanggroe Aceh, both from the literary aspect and the aspect of the continuation of the leadership of the sultanate.

After the peace agreement

The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh was formed as an implementation of one of the points of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement in Helsinki, 15 August 2005 (Helsinki MoU). Article 1.1.7 of the Helsinki MoU states that the Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh will be established in Aceh, complete with all its ceremonial instruments and titles. Following up on the points of the agreement, through Aceh Government Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning the Aceh Government provisions regarding the formation of the Wali Nanggroe Institution will be determined through an Aceh regional regulations (qanun).

The ratification of the Qanun Wali Nanggroe Aceh is also strengthened by universally accepted legal principles, namely: asas lex specialis derogate legi generale (specific legal provisions take precedence over general legal provisions); asas pacta sunt servanda (the principle that judges or third parties must respect the substance of contracts/agreements made by the parties in good faith).[7]

The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh is led by a personal and independent leader as stated in the qanun. The leader of the institution is known as Wali Nanggroe with the title (laqab) Al-Mukarram Maulana Al-Mudabbir Al-Malik. The title is based on the transition of the Aceh Sultanate apparatus. On 16 December 2013, His Majesty Teungku Malik Mahmud Al-Haytar was inaugurated as the 9th Wali Nanggroe Aceh.

Institutional structure

The Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh is led by a Wali Nanggroe official who is elected by a Wali Nanggroe Election Commission which was specially formed by the Tuha Peuet Wali Nanggroe Council. In carrying out his duties, the Wali Nanggroe is assisted by a Waliyul Ahdi (Deputy of the Wali Nanggroe) and a working organization called the Keurukon Katibul Wali (Secretariat of the Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh).[8]

The institutional structure consists of:

  • Wali Nanggroe
  • Waliyul Ahdi
  • High Council
  • Functional Council
  • Structural Council

Public response

Since its formation through the qanuns made by the Aceh People's Representative Council (DPRA), the Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh has continued to garner much support and rejection from the wider society in Aceh. Supporters, especially those from the local Acehnese traditional community, see that the Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh has met expectations and objectives of implementing the points of the Helsinki MoU.[9] Meanwhile, those who oppose the Institution of Wali Nanggroe Aceh consider that this institution is not in accordance with the country's constitution, and opposed the implementation of the Wali Nanggroe election which seemed to favor one of the political institutions in Aceh.[10]

List of officers

The list of Wali Nanggroe Aceh is as follows:

  1. Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Saman bin Abdullah
  2. Teungku Chik di Tiro Muhammad Amin bin Muhammad Saman
  3. Teungku Chik di Tiro Abdussalam bin Muhammad Saman
  4. Teungku Chik di Tiro Sulaiman bin Muhammad Saman
  5. Teungku Chik di Tiro Ubaidillah bin Muhammad Saman
  6. Teungku Chik di Tiro Mahyuddin bin Muhammad Saman
  7. Teungku Chik di Tiro Muaz bin Muhammad Amin
  8. Teungku Hasan di Tiro bin Leube Muhammad
  9. Teungku Malik bin Mahmud Al-Haytar

See also

References

  1. ^ "Foto: Pengukuhan Wali Nanggroe Aceh Teungku Malik Mahmud - Acehkini.ID" (in Indonesian). 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  2. ^ "Qanun Aceh Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 tentang Lembaga Wali Nanggroe" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  3. ^ "Qanun Aceh Nomor 9 Tahun 2012 tentang Perubahan Qanun Aceh Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 tentang Lembaga Wali Nanggroe" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  4. ^ Puspita, Maya (2017-02-03). "Kearifan Lokal Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Laut: Hukum Adat Laot dan Lembaga Panglima Laot di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam". Sabda: Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan (in Indonesian). 3 (2). doi:10.14710/sabda.v3i2.13253. ISSN 2549-1628.
  5. ^ a b c d True False. OR Books. pp. 101–111. ISBN 9781939293992.
  6. ^ Clark, Ghahame (1974). "Fyndrapporter 1969 (Rapporter över Göteborgs Arkeologiska musei Undersökningar 1968). 611 pages; ibid., 1970 (2 parts), 797 pages; ibid., 1971, 551 pages; ibid., 1972, 584 pages; ibid., 1973, 541 pages". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (in Dutch). 40. Lili Kaelasfor the Göteborgs Arkeologiska Museum: 216–217. doi:10.1017/s0079497x00011476. ISSN 0079-497X.
  7. ^ Bakri (2016-03-16). "Qanun WN adalah Turunan UUPA dan MoU Helsinki". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-08-12.
  8. ^ Qanun Aceh Nomor 10 Tahun 2013 tentang Pembentukan Susunan Organisasi dab Tata Kerja Keurukon Katibul Wali. jdih.acehprov.go.id (in Indonesian).
  9. ^ Bakri. "Mengisi Wali Nanggroe". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Aceh.TribunNews.com. Retrieved 2025-10-12.
  10. ^ "Wali Nanggroe: Membawa Berkah atau Bencana bagi Aceh?". Detik.com (in Indonesian). news.detik.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
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