Haqnazar Khan
| Haqnazar Khan حقنظر خان | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khan Khanzada Sultan Shah-i-Turan | |||||
| Khan of the Kazakh Khanate | |||||
| Reign | 1538–1580 | ||||
| Predecessor | Toghym Khan | ||||
| Successor | Shygai Khan | ||||
| Born | 1509 Kazakh Khanate | ||||
| Died | May 19, 1580 Turkistan, Kazakh Khanate | ||||
| |||||
| House | House of Borjigin | ||||
| Dynasty | Tore House of Urus Khan | ||||
| Father | Qasim Khan | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Haqnazar Haider Sultan bin Qasim Khan (Kazakh: حقنظر حیدر سلطان بن قاسم خان), commonly known as Haqnazar Khan, was the khan of the Kazakh khanate from 1538-1580. He was the second-oldest son of Qasim Khan and the younger brother of Muhammed Khan.
Origin
Son of Kasym Khan and Khanik Sultan Khanim. Hakk-Nazar lived during the reign of Takhir Khan and Buidash Khan under one of the Nogai princes.[1] In the 1550s, as noted by some researchers, the Kazakh Khanate saw a revival under the leadership of Hakk-Nazar, whose rule lasted for more than 40 years. During Hakk-Nazar Khan's reign, the Kazakh Khanate began to regain its former power achieved during the time of Kasym Khan. Hakk-Nazar Khan united the scattered inhabitants of the steppe from the former Kazakh Khanate after the 1520s.
Haqnazar's name comes from the Arabic word "хақ", which means "truth, correctness" and the Turko-Persian word "Nazar," which means "vision". For much of his early life, Haqnazar was simply called by his middle name "Haider", which was given to him in honor of Kasım Khan's Shaybanid uncle, Sheikh Haidar. He only went by "Haqnazar" after succeeding Ahmed Khan and Toghym Khan as the ruler of the Kazakhs.
Under Haqnazar Khan, also known as Haq-Nazar or Khaknazar Khan[2] or Ak Nazar Khan,[3] the Kazakh Khanate faced competition from several directions: the Nogai Horde in the west, the Khanate of Sibir in the north, Moghulistan in the east and the Khanate of Bukhara in the south.
Reign and conquests
Haqnazar Khan began to liberate the occupied Kazakh lands. He returned the northern regions of Sary-Arka to the Kazakh Khanate. Having begun a campaign against the Nogai Horde, Haqnazar reconquered Saray-Juk from the Nogai Horde and the surrounding Kazakh territories as well. In the fight against the Khivans, the Kazakhs conquered the Mangyshlak peninsula. Haqnazar began a campaign against Moghulistan with the aim of finally re-incorporating Jetysu into the Kazakh Khanate. The campaign ended with defeat with the Oirats joining the war and resulted in victory for Moghulistan.[4] However, in the north, there was a threat from the Khanate of Sibir, led by Kuchum Khan. After successfully defeating Kuchum, Haqnazar reunited the Kazakh tribes and became the sole ruler of the Kazakh Khanate, the first to do so since Tahir Khan. In doing so, Haqnazar was bestowed with the title "Shah-i-Turan" (Persian for "King of Turan"), a title once held by one of his predecessors Ahmed Khan. Haqnazar became only the second khan to hold this title.
In 1568, the Kazakhs successfully defeated the Nogai Horde at the Emba River and reached Astrakhan, but were repelled by Russian forces.[2][5][6]
The Bashkirs and Nogais were also subordinate to Haqnazar. Rychkov wrote:{{blockquote|Akhnazar, having established himself as khan, greatly expanded his power, not only ruling over the Nogais and the Bashkirs, but also conquering the Kazan, Siberian, and Astrakhan kingdoms, as well as Bukhara, Khiva, Tashkent, and many other cities, bringing them under his control and extracting tribute from them. Before his rule, the Bashkirs were governed by various regional khans: Kucum Khan of Siberia to the east, the Kazan khans controlling the lands by the Belaya and Yaik rivers, and the Nogai khans in the southern mountains. Akhnazar, however, brought them all under his dominion, consolidating power and reducing them to subjugation. He took note of their instability, disorder, and various acts of theft, relentlessly exhausting their resources and rendering them powerless. He limited them to only a single cooking pot for every three households, seized their livestock, goods, and even their children, and prohibited them from owning land or crossing the Belaya River. Those who hunted for fur were forced to pay him tribute in the form of one fox, one beaver, and one marten for each person. This constant exploitation eventually led the people to the brink of utter poverty and destitution.[1]
The opinion of Bartold, who believed that after the death of Hakk-Nazar Khan, the Kazaks and Kyrgyz "... no longer constituted a single state; in general, as far as is known, these two peoples never again united under the rule of a single khan." According to the Kazakh historian N. A. Atygaev, sources do not support this view. In "Rawdat ar-Rizwan", Badr ad-Din al-Kashmiri mentions Kyrgyz emirs among the retinue of Shigay Khan (Kazakh khan).
The Kazakh historian Abusseitova writes that "after Muhammad-Kyrgyz left the historical stage, the Kyrgyz recognized the authority of Tahir, Hakk-Nazar, Tauke, and Esim until the middle of the 18th century, who were often referred to in sources as 'the rulers of the Kazaks and Kyrgyz'".[7]
Under Hakk-Nazar Khan, trade and political relations were established between the Kazakh Khanate and Moscow. By the late 1570s, it is known that he was "at peace" with the tsar. In 1573, at the request of the Stroganov brothers, a Russian embassy led by Tret'yak Chebukov was sent to Hakk-Nazar. Tsar Ivan the Terrible instructed the ambassadors not only to establish contact with the Kazakh Khanate but also to form a military alliance against the Siberian Khan Kuchum. In 1577, the Russian ambassador to the Nogais, Boyar Boris Domozhirov, reported to Ivan the Terrible:
Yes, the Tatar Asan Ililibabayev said, the Cossack hordes [Kazakh Khanate] came to Ak-Mirza and Bek-Mirza this spring, and they took many herds, and they captured five men. They released the fifth man to Prince Tinekhmat and to Urus-biy, and ordered him to say that our Tsar, Aka Nazar, is at peace with the Tsar and Grand Prince, and that our Tsar, Aka Nazar, forbids them to raid along the Yaik and Volga rivers.
Hakk-Nazar Khan not only controlled the entire Kazakh steppe but also waged large-scale wars against neighboring states. The Kazakh khan fought against the Oirat (in Semirechye) and the Moguls.[8][9] He also succeeded in defeating the rulers of Maverannahr. Hakk-Nazar's forces constantly threatened Tashkent, collecting tribute from all caravans passing through. In 1535, Russian envoy Danila Gubin reported to the headquarters: "The Kazaks [Kazakhs], Your Majesty, say they are strong, and they say, Your Majesty, they fought in Tashkent and the Tashkent princes; they say they fought with them twice, and the Kazaks defeated them."
Hakk-Nazar's military campaign against the Siberian Khan Kuchum (Koshim) forced the latter to seek allies among the Russian rulers and the Central Asian khans. Under Hakk-Nazar, the boundaries of the Kazakh Khanate expanded from the Ural (Yaik) to the Volga. During his reign, the cities of Turkestan, Syganak, Sauran, Sayram, and Taraz became part of the Kazakh Khanate. Ivan the Terrible recognized Hakk-Nazar as a great ruler and sent his first ambassador to him in 1573. However, the ambassador never reached Hakk-Nazar, as he was captured by the forces of Siberian Khan Kuchum on the way. Nonetheless, in 1574, Ivan the Terrible granted the Stroganov merchants a charter for duty-free trade with the Kazakhs. The establishment of trade relations was followed by political dealings between Moscow and the Kazakh Khanate. For some time, Din-Muhammad Sultan, the son of Hakk-Nazar, ruled Tashkent and Khiva.
See also
References
- ^ a b Abusseitova, M. Kh. (1985). The Kazakh Khanate in the Second Half of the 16th Century (in Russian). Alma-Ata: Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Institute of History, Archaeology, and Ethnography named after Ch. Ch. Valikhanov. p. 49.
- ^ a b "Haqq Nazar | Kazakh ruler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
- ^ A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi
- ^ РЕМИЛЕВА, Е. "ОЙРАТ-МОНГОЛЫ" ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КАЛМЫКОВ" ["OIRAT-MONGOLS" A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN KALMYKS"]. Е. РЕМИЛЕВА.
- ^ A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi By Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt, N. Elias, Sir E Denison Ross page 121
- ^ Dughlt, Mirza Muhammad Haidar (January 2008). A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi – Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt – Google Books. Cosimo. ISBN 9781605201504. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
- ^ Atygaev, N. B. (2023). The Kazakh Khanate: Essays on the Foreign Policy History of the 15th—17th Centuries (in Russian). Almaty: Eurasian Research Institute of MKTU named after Kh. A. Yasawi. pp. 150–155. ISBN 978-601-7805-24-1.
- ^ G. S. Mukhidinova. "The Kazakh Khanate (1465–1718)". cyberleninka.ru. Archived from the original on 2024-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-24. The Bashkirs, Karakalpaks, and Kyrgyz submitted to Hakk-Nazar's rule.
- ^ www.vostlit.info https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/M.Asien/XVI/1500-1520/Istorija_pobed/text.htm. Archived from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
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Sources
- History of Kazakhstan to 1700 Encyclopædia Britannica Online.