Hānai

For other uses, see Hanai.

Hānai is a term in Hawaiian culture referring to the informal transfer or adoption of a child by another person or family.[1][2] The word literally means feeding, linking nurture to kinship obligations.[3] It appears as a noun, adjective, and verb in Hawaiian usage.

Etymology and linguistics

The Hawaiian verb hānai means to feed, nourish, sustain, or foster.[4] The root ʻai denotes food or eating, while a causative formation yields the sense to cause to eat, to feed.[5] In descriptive and verbal uses, hānai covers adopted or fostered persons and the act of adopting or fostering. Traditional sayings tie feeding to sustaining social bonds.[6][7] Hānai children were fully recognized within foster families, with everyday speech often not distinguishing between biological and hānai kin.[8]

Traditional practice

In pre-contact Hawaiʻi, hānai often took place soon after birth, when parents entrusted an infant to another couple to raise. The practice reinforced kin ties and enabled the transmission of knowledge and resources across generations. Paternal grandparents often claimed the first-born male grandchild, and maternal grandparents the first-born female grandchild.[9][10]

Political and royal use

Hānai also functioned as a political strategy among the aliʻi to link chiefly families. Liliʻuokalani, Hawaiʻi’s last reigning monarch, described hānai as natural and as an alliance by adoption that cemented ties among chiefs and fostered harmony among the people.[11][12]

Hawaiians also practiced hoʻokama, the adoption of older children and adults, used to secure succession, labor, or care in old age.[13][14]

Genealogy and continuity

Because children were often raised outside their birth families, hānai complicates genealogical research in Hawaiʻi when records did not note informal transfers.[15] Scholars have discussed the practice in relation to Hawaiian identity in modern contexts.[16]

Wider Polynesian and comparative parallels

Comparable customs occur across Polynesia. In Tahiti the practice is known as faʻaʻamu.[17] In Māori society the practice known as whāngai aligns caregiving with kinship obligations.[18][19] In Japan, adult adoption, including mukoyōshi adopted sons-in-law, has long served to preserve family lines.[20][21]

See also

  • Category:Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)

References

  1. ^ Staton, Ron (August 24, 2003). "Native blood and custom clash". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
  2. ^ Handy, E. S. Craighill; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1958). The Polynesian Family System in Kaʻu, Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaiʻi Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  3. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 55. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  4. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 55. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  5. ^ Andrews, Lorrin (1865). A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Honolulu: Henry M. Whitney. p. 164. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  6. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Haertig, E. W.; Lee, Catherine A. (1972). Nānā i ke Kumu (Look to the Source). Vol. 1. Hui Hānai, Queen Liliʻuokalani Children’s Center. p. 71. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  7. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena (1983). ʻŌlelo Noʻeau: Hawaiian Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  8. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979). Nānā i ke Kumu (Look to the Source). Vol. 2. Hui Hānai, Queen Liliʻuokalani Children’s Center. p. 192. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  9. ^ Handy, E. S. Craighill; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1958). The Polynesian Family System in Kaʻu, Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaiʻi Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  10. ^ Malo, David (1951). Hawaiian Antiquities (Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi) (PDF). Bishop Museum Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  11. ^ Liliʻuokalani (1898). Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen. Boston: Lee and Shepard. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  12. ^ Kuykendall, Ralph S. (1938). The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1: Foundation and Transformation, 1778–1854. University of Hawaiʻi Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  13. ^ Handy, E. S. Craighill; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1958). The Polynesian Family System in Kaʻu, Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaiʻi Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  14. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Haertig, E. W.; Lee, Catherine A. (1979). Nānā i ke Kumu (Look to the Source). Vol. 2. Hui Hānai, Queen Liliʻuokalani Children’s Center. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  15. ^ Handy, E. S. Craighill; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1958). The Polynesian Family System in Kaʻu, Hawaiʻi. University of Hawaiʻi Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  16. ^ Linnekin, Joyce (1983). "Defining Tradition: Variations on the Hawaiian Identity". American Ethnologist. 10 (2): 241–252. doi:10.1525/ae.1983.10.2.02a00040.
  17. ^ Levy, Robert I. (1973). Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  18. ^ "Whāngai: customary fostering and adoption". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  19. ^ Metge, Joan (1995). New Growth from Old: The Whānau in the Modern World. Victoria University Press. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  20. ^ Moore, Ray A. (1970). "Adoption and Samurai Mobility". The Journal of Asian Studies. 29 (3): 617–632. doi:10.2307/2943071.
  21. ^ Kurosu, Sugiko (1997). "Adoption as an Heirship Strategy?". International Research Center for Japanese Studies Newsletter (13): 171–189. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
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