Glossary of Russian carriages

There are a number of horse-drawn vehicles peculiar to Russia. In regions with harsh winters, carriage bodies were sometimes built to be interchangeable—able to set upon sled runners in snow or fitted to wheeled undercarriages for the warmer seasons. Oxen, dogs and reindeer may also be used by indigenous peoples of Russia.

Horse-drawn carriages

  • Dolgusha, dolgushka (долгуша, долгушка), an obsolete generic term for a carriage whose body was mounted on a long base (from the word dolgiy, 'long').[1][2] It could be applied to long drogi,[3] lineyka, or tarantas,[1][2] as well as to a long cargo cart, e.g., for lumber.[4][a]
  • Drogi (дроги), a primitive long cart without a body; basically only front and back axles connected by one or two beams called droga[5]
  • Droshky — a four-wheeled open carriage where passengers straddle the seat[6]: 68–69 [7]
  • Fura (wikt:фура), large cargo cart, esp. for military use.[8] In modern Russian it colloquially refers to semi-trailer truck.
  • Furmanka, small fura or small britzka,[8] from German Fuhrmann, "carter"
  • Kibitka, carriage with a cloth cover stretched over wooden bows. It may be installed on wheels or sleigh runners.[9]: 183 [6]: 101 
  • Kolymaga — a 16th–17th century precursor of the coach[10][11]
  • Lineyka, old horse-drawn topless passenger carriage with a longitudinal partition, in which passengers sit in two lines with their backs to each other, sideways to the direction of travel.[12]
  • Prolyotka or proletka, Russian: пролётка, a light, open, four-wheeled, two-passenger (plus a cabbie) carriage, mostly single-horse.[13] The term derives from the word "пролетать", literally 'to fly through', meaning to move swiftly.[14] The word is a colloquial contraction for "prolyotnye droshky" (пролетные дрожки), a drozhky used by Russian city cabbies, named so, because many cabbies were notorious for fast, daring ride and were called "лихач" (likhach), "daredevil".[15]
  • Rydvan (рыдван; archaic), a large, comfortable coach for long-distance travel, drawn by several horses. In modern times the word is used ironically for large, clumsy vehicles. From Polish "rydwan", eventually from German "Reitwagen", both meaning for 'chariot'.[16]
  • Tagarka, Ural fishermen's carriage; basically a regular carriage with waterproof bast cabin[17]
  • Tarantass — a long four-wheeled carriage with no springs or seats[6][18][6]: 159 [9]: 270 
  • Telega — a wagon[19][6]: 160 [20][9]: 270, 273 

Horse-drawn sleds

  • Russian sleds
    • Drovni, a peasant cargo sled of extremely simple construction[21]
    • Kaptan, winter carriage in medieval Russia for aristocracy and noblemen[22][23]
    • Kibitka may be mounted both on sleds and on wheels.
    • Rozvalni, a simple sled, named so due to the two side poles spreading out to the sides[21]
    • Troika — sleigh driven by three horses abreast[24]: 281 
    • Vozok — an enclosed winter sleigh; a large carriage body mounted on runners.[9]: 289 [6]: 179 

Carriages of indigenous peoples of Russian Empire and modern Russia

Drawn by other animals

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There are a number of Russian villages and rivers named Dolgusha.

References

  1. ^ a b ДОЛГУ́ША, In: Словарь русского языка: В 4-х т. / РАН, Ин-т лингвистич. исследований; Под ред. А. П. Евгеньевой. — 4-е изд., стер. — М.: Рус. яз.; Полиграфресурсы, 1999, vol. 1 "А—Й"
  2. ^ a b Транспортные средства [Means of transportation], In: Российский гуманитарный энциклопедический словарь. — М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС: Филол. фак. С.-Петерб. гос. ун-та. 2002
  3. ^ Materīaly dli͡a geografīi i statistiki Rossīi, sobrannye ofit͡serami Generalʹnago shtaba: Simbirskai͡a gubernīi͡a, part 2, 1868p. 717
  4. ^ Словарь русских говоров севера Пермского края, issue 2. Г–Д, p. 225
  5. ^ ДРОГИ, In: Ushakov Dictionary
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, D.J.M. (1988). A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0851314686. OL 11597864M.
  7. ^ Webster, Noah (1907). Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language. George Bell & Sons. p. 457. OL 22896559M. Dros'ky (drŏ'kў), n.; pl. droskies (-kĭz). [Russ. drojki, dim. of drogi a kind of carriage, prop. pl. of droga shaft or pole of a carriage.] A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used in Russia, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. Other kinds of vehicles are now so called, esp. a kind of victoria drawn by one or two horses, and used as a public carriage in German cities. [Written also droitzschka, and droschke.]
  8. ^ a b "Фура" . Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (in Russian). 1882.
  9. ^ a b c d e Berkebile, Donald H. (1978). Carriage Terminology: An Historical Dictionary. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ISBN 9781935623434. OL 4534466M.
  10. ^ "Колымага" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
  11. ^ "Колымага" . Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (in Russian). 1882.
  12. ^ Линейки
  13. ^ ПРОЛЁТКА, In: Ushakov Dictionary
  14. ^ ПРОЛЁТКА
  15. ^ Пролетка
  16. ^ рыдва́н
  17. ^ "Тагарка" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
  18. ^ Leonid Belovinsky "Тарантас" In: Иллюстрированный энциклопедический историко-бытовой словарь русского народа. XVIII — начало XIX в. Moscow, Eksmo, 2007, ISBN 978-5-699-24458-4, p. 674
  19. ^ "Телега" . Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (in Russian). 1882.
  20. ^ "Воз, телега" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
  21. ^ a b Сани-дровни и сани-розвальни. Общие технические условия
  22. ^ "Каптан" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
  23. ^ Shamin, S. M. (14 December 2024). "Coaches and Other Wheel Carriages in the 16th–17th Century Russia". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 94: S167 – S179. doi:10.1134/S1019331624700163.
    • Russian original: Шамин С. М. Кареты в быту русской знати XVII в. // Позднесредневековый город II: археология. История : материалы II Всероссийского семинара, Тула, ноябрь 2007 г. Тула 2009. С. 206—210
  24. ^ Walrond, Sallie (1979). The Encyclopaedia of Driving. Country Life Books. ISBN 0600331822. OL 4175648M.
  25. ^ "Керёжа" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.

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