Glenognatha
| Glenognatha | |
|---|---|
| Female Glenognatha dentata from Okinawa | |
| Glenognatha foxi from Ohio | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Tetragnathidae |
| Genus: | Glenognatha Simon, 1887[1] |
| Type species | |
| G. emertoni Simon, 1887
| |
| Species | |
|
37, see text | |
Glenognatha is a genus of long-jawed orb-weavers that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1887.[2] It was considerably revised in 2016.[3]
Distribution
Species in this genus are found in North America, Central America, Asia, South America, the Caribbean, Africa, on the French Polynesian Islands, and Saint Helena.[1]
Description
Glenognatha species have a total length of 3-5 mm for both females and males.[4]
The carapace is pear-shaped, dark and shiny, slightly punctuated, and anteriorly truncated. The eye region is elevated with eyes prominent in two rows, the anterior median eyes being the smallest.[4]
In males, the chelicerae are long and robust. The abdomen is round and shiny, usually with dark spots. The legs are long, especially the first two pairs, and spines are absent.[4]
Life style
Glenognatha species were sampled between vegetation under leaves in the forest understory from the ground layer. They construct horizontal, asymmetrical orb-webs with a tight mesh having closely set spirals and numerous radii. They attach small pieces of debris to the web under which they hide when disturbed.[4] The web, stabilimentum and cryptic posture are very similar to those of Uloborus.[5]
Species
As of October 2025, this genus includes 37 species:[1]
- Glenognatha argenteoguttata (Berland, 1935) – Marquesas Is.
- Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) – Egypt, Niger, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ethiopia, DR Congo, South Africa. Introduced to Caribbean, Ecuador, Galapagos, Brazil, St. Helena, Seychelles
- Glenognatha australis (Keyserling, 1883) – Ecuador to Argentina
- Glenognatha boraceia Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Brazil
- Glenognatha caaguara Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Brazil
- Glenognatha camisea Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Peru
- Glenognatha caparu Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
- Glenognatha caporiaccoi Platnick, 1993 – Guyana
- Glenognatha chamberlini (Berland, 1942) – French Polynesia (Austral Is.)
- Glenognatha dentata (Zhu & Wen, 1978) – China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines
- Glenognatha dubiosa Benjamin, 2024 – Sri Lanka
- Glenognatha emertoni Simon, 1887 – United States (type species)
- Glenognatha florezi Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Colombia
- Glenognatha foxi (McCook, 1894) – Canada to Panama
- Glenognatha ganeshi (Bodkhe, Manthen & Tanikawa, 2014) – India
- Glenognatha gaujoni Simon, 1895 – Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil
- Glenognatha globosa (Petrunkevitch, 1925) – Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
- Glenognatha gloriae (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico
- Glenognatha gouldi Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – United States, Mexico
- Glenognatha heleios Hormiga, 1990 – United States
- Glenognatha hirsutissima (Berland, 1935) – Marquesas Is.
- Glenognatha iviei Levi, 1980 – United States
- Glenognatha januari Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Brazil
- Glenognatha lacteovittata (Mello-Leitão, 1944) – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
- Glenognatha ledouxi Dierkens, 2016 – French Polynesia (Society Is.: Tahiti)
- Glenognatha mendezi Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador
- Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898 – Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Rep.
- Glenognatha nigromaculata (Berland, 1933) – Marquesas Is.
- Glenognatha osawai Baba & Tanikawa, 2018 – Japan
- Glenognatha patriceae Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Colombia
- Glenognatha paullula Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020 – India
- Glenognatha phalangiops (Berland, 1942) – French Polynesia (Austral Is.)
- Glenognatha smilodon Bosmans & Bosselaers, 1994 – Cameroon
- Glenognatha spherella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 – Mexico to Peru
- Glenognatha tangi (Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003) – China, Myanmar
- Glenognatha timbira Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Brazil
- Glenognatha vivianae Cabra-García & Brescovit, 2016 – Brazil
In synonymy:
- G. atlantica (Holm, 1969) = Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)
- G. centralis Chamberlin, 1925 = Glenognatha minuta Banks, 1898
- G. hawigtenera (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) = Glenognatha dentata (Zhu & Wen, 1978)
- G. maelfaiti Baert, 1987 = Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)
- G. mira Bryant, 1945 = Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)
- G. montana (Simon, 1897) = Glenognatha argyrostilba (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Genus Glenognatha". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
- ^ Simon, E. (1887). "Observation sur divers arachnides: synonymies et descriptions". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 7 (6): 193–195.
- ^ Cabra-García, J. J.; Brescovit, A. D. (2016). "Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)". Zootaxa. 4069 (1): 45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1. PMID 27395905.
- ^ a b c d Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S.; Haddad, C.R.; Foord, S.H.; Lotz, L.N. (2023). The Tetragnathidae of South Africa. South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide. p. 11. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7513261. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ^ Lubin, Y. (1986). "Web building and prey capture in the Uloboridae". In: Shear, W.A. (ed.) Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution: 132–171.