Foreign relations of Lebanon

Politics of Lebanon

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The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. As'ad AbuKhalil argues that foreign intervention has been a mainstay of Lebanon's domestic politics throughout its history as a nation-state, with British, French and American influence predominating from the declaration of independence in 1943 until the 1956 Suez Crisis and 1958 Lebanon crisis. From then until the Lebanese Civil War, the country became an arena for struggle between players in the Cold War, including Egypt, the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Civil War regional powers in the Middle East strove for influence, including Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel, with Syria gaining the upper hand at the tail end of the war.[1] Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.[2][3]

The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1 United Kingdom 9 February 1942[4]
2 Iraq 24 February 1944[5]
3 Saudi Arabia 9 April 1944[6]
4 Poland 1 August 1944[7]
5 Russia 3 August 1944[8]
6 Iran 21 September 1944[9]
7 United States 16 November 1944[10]
8 France 25 November 1944[11]
9 Belgium 25 November 1944[12]
10 Egypt 30 November 1944[13]
11 Mexico 12 June 1945[14]
12 Chile 28 June 1945[15][16]
13 Uruguay 25 October 1945[17]
14 Brazil 13 November 1945[18]
15 Argentina 22 November 1946[19]
16 Sweden 7 February 1946[20]
17  Switzerland 27 February 1946[21]
18 Turkey 8 March 1946[22]
19 Panama 30 April 1946[23]
20 Serbia 18 May 1946[24]
21 Venezuela 10 July 1946[25]
22 Czech Republic 21 September 1946[26]
23 Jordan 1 October 1946[27]
24 Philippines 24 October 1946[28]
25 Italy 20 November 1946[29]
— Holy See 17 March 1947[30]
26 Greece 17 June 1947[31]
27 Spain 5 March 1948[32]
28 Norway 10 August 1948[33]
29 Afghanistan August 1948[34]
30 Ecuador 15 September 1948[35]
31 India 15 September 1948[36]
32 Pakistan 15 September 1948[37]
33 Colombia 29 October 1948[38]
34 Bolivia 21 February 1949[39]
35 Ethiopia 31 July 1949[40]
36 Peru 1949[41]
37 Indonesia 27 February 1950[42]
38 Paraguay 12 May 1950[43]
39 Netherlands 12 October 1950[44]
40 Luxembourg 21 November 1950[45]
41 Liberia 1 January 1951[46]
42 Honduras 16 January 1951[47]
43 Austria 6 December 1951[48]
44 Nicaragua 29 July 1952
45 Germany 20 May 1953[49]
46 Denmark 6 October 1953[50]
47 Yemen 1953[51]
48 Finland 21 June 1954[52]
49 Canada 26 August 1954[53]
50 Japan November 1954[54]
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1955[55]
51 Portugal 1955[56]
52 Morocco 1956[57]
53 Sudan 1956[58]
54 Tunisia October 1957[59]
55 Thailand 3 February 1958[60]
56 Ghana 30 March 1959[61][62]
57 Haiti 21 May 1959[63]
58 Guinea 3 June 1960[64]
59 Cuba 15 June 1960[65]
60 Cyprus 20 September 1960[66]
61 Dominican Republic 1960[67]
62 Nigeria 8 January 1961[68]
63 Senegal 22 April 1961[69]
64 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961[70]
65 Kuwait 27 September 1961[71]
66 Ivory Coast 4 October 1961[72]
67 Somalia 6 October 1961[73]
68 Mali 9 October 1961[74]
69 Niger 11 March 1962[75]
70 Togo 7 June 1962[76]
71 Benin 27 June 1962[77]
72 Gabon 24 September 1962[78]
73 Algeria 18 December 1962[79]
74 Burkina Faso 1962[80]
75 Cameroon 1962[81]
76 Trinidad and Tobago 1962[82]
77 Jamaica 7 May 1963[83]
78 Laos 15 July 1963[84]
79 Malaysia 16 July 1963[85]
80   Nepal 18 August 1963[86]
81 Chad 1963[87]
82 Romania 6 January 1965[88]
83 Gambia 24 May 1965[89]
84 Hungary 30 November 1965[90]
85 Bulgaria 19 September 1966[91]
86 Central African Republic 1966[92]
87 Zambia 3 February 1967[93]
88 Australia 5 February 1967[94]
89 Kenya 16 August 1967[95]
90 Singapore 3 May 1969[96]
91 Mauritania 10 June 1971[97]
92 China 9 November 1971[98]
93 United Arab Emirates 8 January 1972[99]
94 Qatar 11 April 1972[100]
95 Bahrain 29 May 1972[101]
96 Democratic Republic of the Congo June 1972[102]
97 Oman 2 January 1973[103]
98 Bangladesh 28 March 1973[104]
99 Iceland 28 March 1973[105]
100 Albania 28 May 1974[106]
101 Ireland 12 December 1974[107]
102 Malta 1 July 1975[108]
103 New Zealand 25 November 1980[109]
104 North Korea 12 February 1981[110]
105 South Korea 12 February 1981[111]
106 Vietnam 12 February 1981[112]
107 Djibouti 11 March 1981[113]
108 Maldives 25 February 1988[114]
109 Guatemala 31 January 1990[115]
110 Armenia 4 March 1992[116]
111 Azerbaijan 28 September 1992[117]
112 Ukraine 14 December 1992[118]
113 Slovakia 1 January 1993[119]
114 Lithuania 18 March 1993[120]
115 Georgia 1 April 1993[121]
116 Kazakhstan 20 April 1993[122]
117 Turkmenistan 6 May 1993[123]
118 Slovenia 29 July 1993[124]
119 Eritrea 3 September 1993[125]
120 Moldova 5 May 1994[126]
121 Brunei 18 May 1994[127]
122 Croatia 5 December 1994[128]
123 Guyana 2 March 1995[114]
124 Suriname 26 April 1995[114]
125 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 June 1995[129]
126 South Africa 18 November 1995[130]
127 Belarus 21 March 1996[131]
128 Tajikistan 21 June 1996[132]
129 Angola 3 July 1996[114]
130 Sri Lanka 7 May 1997[133]
131 Latvia 16 January 1998[134]
132 Mongolia 5 February 1998[135]
133 Mozambique 20 April 1998[114]
134 Uzbekistan 22 October 1998[136]
135 Andorra 24 March 1999[114]
136 Liechtenstein 9 June 2000[137]
137 Republic of the Congo 12 April 2001[138]
138 Belize 29 June 2001[114]
139 Estonia 3 September 2001[139]
140 Lesotho 28 May 2002[140]
141 Timor-Leste April 2005[141]
142 Costa Rica 24 August 2007[114]
143 El Salvador 25 September 2007[114]
144 Syria 15 October 2008[142][143]
145 Equatorial Guinea 21 November 2008[114]
146 Montenegro 4 December 2008[144]
147 San Marino 13 November 2009[114]
148 Fiji 10 October 2010[114]
— State of Palestine 17 August 2011[145]
149 Rwanda 21 April 2017[146]
150 Antigua and Barbuda April 2017[147]
151 Madagascar 5 May 2017[148]
152 Kyrgyzstan 29 June 2017[114]
153 Malawi 18 October 2017[149]
154 Monaco 22 January 2019[150]
155 Uganda 5 March 2019[151]
156 Vanuatu 25 September 2019[152]
157 Marshall Islands 26 September 2019[114]
158 Guinea-Bissau 20 October 2020[153]
159 South Sudan 8 December 2020[154]
160 Cape Verde 20 May 2021[114]
161 Zimbabwe 29 March 2022[114]
162 Saint Kitts and Nevis 24 July 2024[114]
163 Seychelles 25 June 2025[114]
164 North Macedonia 25 September 2025[114]
165 Libya Unknown
166 Tanzania Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Argentina 22 November 1945[19] See Argentina–Lebanon relations
Brazil 13 November 1945 See Brazil–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945[18]

Canada 26 August 1954[53] See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958.

Chile 28 June 1945 See Chile–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945.[15][16]

Mexico 12 June 1945 See Lebanon–Mexico relations
  • Mexico was among the first nations to recognize Lebanon's independence in 1943.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Mexico City.[161]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Beirut.[162]
  • The Centro Libanés and "Club Deportivo Libanés" in Mexico City are important symbols representing the historically cultural and social ties between both countries.
  • See also Lebanese Mexicans.
United States 16 November 1944 See Lebanon–United States relations

The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks.

Uruguay 25 October 1945 See Lebanon–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945[17]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Armenia 4 March 1992 See Armenia–Lebanon relations

The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997.

Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[166][167] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.[168] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so.

  • Armenia has embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan 18 September 1992 See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Azerbaijan through its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Bangladesh 28 March 1973 See Bangladesh–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[104]

  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Bangladesh through its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
China 9 November 1971 See China–Lebanon relations

China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.[98]

  • China has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Beijing.

In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[169]

China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.[170]

India 15 September 1948 See India-Lebanon relations
Indonesia See Indonesia–Lebanon relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Jakarta.
Iran 21 September 1944 See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944.[9]

  • Iran has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tehran.
Iraq 24 February 1944 See Iraq–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.[5]

Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias.

  • Iraq has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Baghdad.
Israel See Israel–Lebanon relations
Japan November 1954 In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies
  • Japan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tokyo.
Jordan 1 October 1946 See Jordan–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni.[27]

  • Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
Malaysia 16 July 1963 See Lebanon–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963[85]

Pakistan 15 September 1948 See Lebanon–Pakistan relations
  • Pakistan does not recognize Israel, which has hostile relations with Lebanon, as a legitimate country.[173]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Beirut.
Saudi Arabia 9 April 1944 See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Beirut.
Syria 15 October 2008[143] See Lebanon–Syria relations

The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.[174] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.[175]

Turkey 8 March 1946 See Lebanon–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[22]

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
United Arab Emirates 8 January 1972 See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Beirut.

Europe

See also: Lebanon–European Union relations

Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.

Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[176]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Bulgaria 19 September 1966
Croatia
  • Croatia is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
Cyprus See Cyprus–Lebanon relations
Denmark 6 October 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host[50]
  • Denmark has an embassy in Beirut.[178]
  • Lebanon is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[179]
France 25 November 1944 See France–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.[11]

In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.[180] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.[181] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.[182] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.[183]

  • France has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon as an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
Germany 20 May 1953 See Germany–Lebanon relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin.
Greece 17 June 1947 See Greece–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[31]

The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.

Holy See 17 March 1947 See Holy See–Lebanon relations

The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.

Italy 20 November 1946 See Italy–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[29]

Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[184]

Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949. Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement. Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.

  • Italy has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rome.
Poland 20 October 1956 1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.[185]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
Romania 6 January 1965 See Lebanon–Romania relations
Russia 3 August 1944 See Lebanon–Russia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
Spain 5 March 1948 See Lebanon–Spain relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
Ukraine 14 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992
  • Embassy of Ukraine in Beirut was opened in August 1995[187]
  • Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Kyiv until February 2022.[188]
United Kingdom 9 February 1942 See Lebanon–United Kingdom relations

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 9 February 1942.[4]

Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Association Agreement,[191] and a Development Partnership.[192]

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Australia 5 February 1967 20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995[193]

See also

References and footnotes

  • Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21159-X.
  • Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1.
  • Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
  1. ^ AbuKhalil, As'ad (14 January 2025). "As'as AbuKhalil: A History of Foreign Intrigue in Lebanon". consortiumnews.com. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  2. ^ DeVore, Marc R. (2012). "Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making". Perspectives on Terrorism. 6 (4/5): 85–107. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26296878.
  3. ^ United States Institute of Peace Iran and Lebanon, Emile Hokayem,
  4. ^ a b Digest of International Law, Volume 2. U.S. Department of State, 1963. p. 222.
  5. ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 376.
  6. ^ KHOURY Gérard. Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). KARTHALA Editions, 2004. p. 376.
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  8. ^ "73 years ago Russia Lebanon diplomatic ties were established (on August 3, 1944)". MFA Russia. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
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  11. ^ a b KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
  12. ^ KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
  13. ^ KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 389.
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Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon

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