Fatali Khan Khoyski

Fatali Khan Khoyski
Fətəli xan Xoyski
Khoyski in 1906
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR)
In office
26 December 1918 – 14 March 1919
PresidentAlimardan Topchubashov (Chairman of Azerbaijani Parliament)
Preceded byAlimardan Topchubashev
Succeeded byMammad Yusif Jafarov
In office
24 December 1919 – 1 April 1920
PresidentMammad Yusif Jafarov (Chairman of Azerbaijani Parliament) (acting)
Preceded byMammad Yusif Jafarov
Succeeded byoffice eliminated
Minister of Internal Affairs of ADR
In office
28 May 1918 – 17 June 1918
Preceded byoffice created
Succeeded byBehbud Khan Javanshir
Minister of Defense of ADR
In office
18 November 1918 – 25 December 1918
Preceded byoffice re-established
Succeeded bySamad bey Mehmandarov
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
In office
28 May 1918 – 14 April 1919
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byNasib bey Yusifbeyli
Personal details
Born7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875
Nukha (Shaki), Nukha uezd, Elizavetpol Governorate, Russian Empire
Died19 June 1920(1920-06-19) (aged 44)
Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi), Democratic Republic of Georgia
Manner of deathAssassination by gunshot
Signature
Military service
Battles/wars

Fatali Khan Iskandar Khan oghlu Khoyski[1][a] (Azerbaijani: فتحعلی خان اسکندر خان اوغلی خویسکی, Fətəli xan İsgəndər xan oğlu Xoyski; 7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875 – 19 June 1920) was an Azerbaijani attorney, a member of the Second State Duma of the Russian Empire, Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Defense and, later the first Prime Minister of the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[8]

Early life

Fatali Khan Iskandar Khan oghlu Khoyski was born on 7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875 in Nukha (present-day Shaki) to the noble family of Iskandar Khan Khoyski, a colonel in the Russian Army.[9][10] His great grandfather Jafar Qoli, the Khan of Khoy was defeated by the Iranian Fath-Ali Shah and with his 20,000 army retreated to Echmiadzin. In the 1804-1813 Russo-Persian war, Jafar Qoli Khan sided with Russian Empire and was therefore rewarded by tsar Alexander I by being appointed the Khan of Shaki Khanate and his rank was raised to lieutenant colonel.[11] It is stated that the original surname of the Khoyski family was Dunbuli Batmankylinch. The surname “Khoyski” began to be used after General Tsitsianov presented Jafar Qoli Khan to Emperor Alexander I of Russia with the title “Khan Khoyski.”[12]

He began his early education at the Ganja Classical Gymnasium and, after ten years of study, graduated in 1893. At the gymnasium, he learned Russian, Greek, Latin, French, and German.[12] Fatali Khan studied at the Law Faculty of the Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1901. After graduation, Khoyski worked as a court lawyer in Ganja, Sukhumi, Batumi, Kutaisi. Once he was appointed Assistant Prosecutor of Yekaterinodar county court, he began to be involved in socio-political activities.

Political career

Russian Empire

Khoyski was elected a deputy to the Second Duma of Russian Empire from Elizavetpol Governorate. While delivering a speech before the Duma on 2 February 1907, he criticized the Russian colonization policies in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus. Although he was formally registered with Constitutional Democratic Party (known as the Kadets), he also joined the Muslim fraction in Duma.[11] On 27 March, soon after the 1917 February revolution in Russia, Khoyski became a member of the Temporary Executive Committee of Muslim National Councils (MNCs). He also took part in organizing and participating in the Baku Congress of the Muslims of the Caucasus. In the same year, he was elected chairman of the Baku City Duma, representing the Muslim bloc with over 10,000 votes. The Baku City Duma under Khoyski’s leadership was regarded as the main rival of the Baku Soviet, which had seized power through violent clashes.[1]

During the first Musavat summit on 26–31 October 1917, Khoyski spoke in favor of autonomy for Azerbaijan. In December 1917, he was elected a member of the newly created Transcaucasian Sejm and subsequently appointed the Minister of Justice of an independent Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

On 28 May 1918, the republic dissolved and an independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed. It was the first state ever in the Muslim world to function and be based on principles of republic government. Fatali Khan was put in charge of forming the first cabinet of the republic.

Prime Minister Khoyski had the distinct honor to send radiogram to the main political centers of the world on the proclamation of an independent Azerbaijan republic on 30 May 1918.[13] When the government moved to its temporary residence in the city of Ganja the government encountered serious challenges. Azerbaijani statehood came under fire. On 17 June, Fatali Khan announced the resignation of the government at the closed session of the National Council but he was assigned to form the government again. In addition to the post of prime minister, he was the post of justice minister in the second government.[13]

Khoyski served as the Chairman of Cabinet of Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs. On 17 June 1918, the second government was formed by Khoyski led by Nasib Yusifbeyli. He played a significant role in making an alliance with the Turkish government, defeating and removing the Centrocaspian Dictatorship from power in Baku as well as establishing diplomatic ties with other countries. On 22 December, he was elected as a foreign minister of the newly formed government. Khoyski protected Azerbaijan's statehood in this post. Furthermore, he defended the independence of Azerbaijan by achieving the recognition of the independence of Azerbaijan at the Paris Peace Conference.[13] He is also credited for establishing the Azerbaijan State University. During Khoyski’s second government, the state’s official language was established as Turkish, efforts were made to nationalize education, and the first steps were taken toward the formation of a national army.[12] During the period of the third government formed by Khoyski, he served as Chairman of the National Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. During his term in office, he succeeded in removing the city names Yelisavetpol and restoring the historic name of Ganja and renaming the uezd of Karyagino to Jabrayil, establishing a multi-party system, the printing of Azerbaijani postage stamps and Azerbaijani currency Manat, founding schools and colleges teaching in Azerbaijani. In March 1919, the third government dissolved.

In January 1920, when the Allied Powers de facto recognized Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Council of Allied Powers,[14] Georgy Chicherin, the Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs repeatedly mailed Khoyski asking him to open a new front to confront Anton Denikin and his White movement to which Fatali Khan gave negative responses saying ADR would not meddle into internal affairs of Russia. In his fourth last correspondence, Chicherin notified Khoyski about the upcoming invasion of the 11th Red Army of Azerbaijan. Khoyski moved his family to Tbilisi before the Bolshevik Red Army invaded Baku on 28 April 1920.

Death

Fatali Khan Khoyski was assassinated in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi), near the central Erivansky Square on 19 June 1920 by Aram Yerganian[15] as part of Operation Nemesis organised by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).[16] The ARF accused Khoyski in having played a major role in the September 1918 massacre of Armenians in Baku.[17] His burial ceremony was arranged by the Persian consulate in Tiflis.[18] Khoyski was buried in Tiflis by Azerbaijani Turks living there, next to Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, who had contributed to the development of Azerbaijani theatre, and his grave remains in Tiflis to this day.[12]

Family

He was married in 1901 to an ethnic Russian woman, Eugenia Vasilevna, who upon converting to Islam, took the name Jeyran Khanum. They had three children, all of whom were born in Ganja:[12]

  1. Tamara Khoyskaya (1902-1990) — married to Mirza Davud Huseynov
  2. Murad Khoyski (1910-1973)
  3. Anvar Khoyski (1914-1935)

His elder brother Huseyngulu khan was deputy governor of Ganja Governorate between 1918 and 1920. Younger brother Rustam Khan Khoyski served as Minister of Social Security of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Alternative spellings include Fatali-Khan Khoysky,[2] Fatali Khan Khoisky,[3] Fath Ali Khan Khoisky,[4] Fath Ali Khan Khoysky,[5] Fathali Khan Khoisky,[6] and Fathali Khan Khoysky.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Ahmedova, Firdovsiyya (2019). "Foreign ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" (PDF). IRS-Heritage. 2–3 (39–40): 32–39.
  2. ^ Investigation of Communist Takeover and Occupation of the Non-Russian Nations of the U.S.S.R. New York: Select Committee on Communist Aggression. 14 October 1954. p. 230. On these democratic conditions, the first republic was established in the life of the Turkish nations. Fatali-Khan Khoysky (...) became the first head of the young republic, equipped with an unusual authority.
  3. ^ Cornell, Svante E. (2015-05-20). Azerbaijan Since Independence. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-317-47621-4. Within this grouping, Fatali Khan Khoisky emerged as a leading figure. Born in 1875 of a noble family that had been the khans of Khoy, in Iran, Khoisky graduated from the Moscow Faculty of Law in 1901 and subsequently worked as a lawyer and judge.
  4. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1970). British policy in Transcaucasia: 1918-1919. Leeds: W. S. Maney. ISBN 978-0-900547-08-9. The final collapse of the Central Powers resulted in 17 November 1918 in the return to Baku of British forces, this time under Major-General Thompson, who established de facto working relations with the local Mussavat government headed by Fath Ali Khan Khoisky.
  5. ^ Roszkowski, Wojciech (2016). Communist Crimes: A Legal and Historical Study (PDF). Institute of National Remembrance, Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. p. 71. ISBN 978-83-8098-441-7. After the liquidation of the Baku Commune, the Azeri government headed by the Musawat leader Fath Ali Khan Khoysky moved from Gandja to Baku.
  6. ^ Reynolds, Michael A. (2009). "Buffers, Not Brethren: Young Turk Military Policy in the First World War and the Myth of Panturanism". Past & Present (203): 137–179. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtp020. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 25580931. Although the Azeris possessed the best prospects with a regionally dominant Ottoman state, Azerbaijan's 'Act of Independence' was, like those of the other two Transcaucasian republics, strikingly subdued in its tone. Indeed, the soon-to-be prime minister of the republic, Fathali Khan Khoisky, was himself ambivalent about independence.
  7. ^ "Turkey has punished Yerevan with closure of airspace for "Nemesis" monument". Turan Information Agency. 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-13. During Operation "Nemesis", former Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan Fathali Khan Khoysky and Nasibbek Yusifbekov (...) were killed.
  8. ^ "Presidential Library. Fatali Khan Khoyski" (PDF). p. 70. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  9. ^ "Хойский (Хан-Хойский) Фатали Хан Искендер". www.hrono.info. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  10. ^ "Khoyski". azer.com. Retrieved 2024-11-07.
  11. ^ a b "Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Fatali Khan Khoyski". Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  12. ^ a b c d e Akarslan, Zeynep (2024). "Azerbaycan'da bağımsızlığa adanmış bir ömür: Fethali Han Hoyski". Gazi Türkiyat (34): 129–149.
  13. ^ a b c Ahmadova, Firdovsiyya (2017). "Founders of the Republic: Fatali Khan Khoyski" (PDF). irs-az.com/new/pdf/201508/1440762901408949551.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-14.
  14. ^ Fuad Akhundov (Spring 1998). "Alimardan Topchubashev - Minister of Foreign Affairs (1862-1934)". Azerbaijan International. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  15. ^ Derogy, Jacques (1990). Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations. Transaction Publishers. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4128-3316-5.
  16. ^ Motta, Giuseppe (2013). Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volume 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4438-5429-0.
  17. ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.
  18. ^ "Storm over the Caucas: A glance at the Iranian regional relations with the republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia in the first period of independence 1917-1921" ( In Persian), Kaveh Bayat, The center for documents and diplomatic history, Tehran 2001, First ed., ISBN 978-964-361-065-4, p. 410
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