Demir Khan

Demir Khan
Undated coin minted by Demir Khan.
Bey of Karasi
Reignc. 1328 – 1332
PredecessorKarasi Bey
SuccessorYakhshi Khan
IssueJüje Khan
FatherKarasi Bey
ReligionIslam

Demir Khan was Bey of Karasi from c. 1328 to 1332.[1]

According to modern historian Elizabeth Zachariadou, Demir Khan inherited the throne from his father and successor Karasi Bey.[2] Demir Khan was the ruler of Balıkesir, while his brother Yakhshi Khan controlled the area around Pergamos, though Zachariadou pointed out Demir Khan was likely the senior emir.[3] Demir Khan was also identified as Yakhshi Khan's son,[4] specifically by the Byzantine historian and Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–54), which is claimed to be false by several historians.[5]

Demir Khan harassed the towns near Cyzicus[6] and raided coastal parts of southern Balkans through his naval forces based in the Sea of Marmara.[7] For this matter, Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III (r. 1328–41) met with Demir Khan in Pegai in 1328, when they signed a treaty. In 1333, Demir Khan met with the Maghrebi traveller Ibn Battuta.[6] Ibn Battuta deemed Demir Khan a "worthless" person like the population of Balıkesir,[8] and mentioned that the former was disliked by his own people.[9] According to historian al-Uryan, the ruler of Pergamos was "Senbogha", who was subordinate to Demir Khan.[10] Some modern historians maintain that Demir Khan had a short reign.[8]

Demir Khan is alternatively identified as Karasi's later ruler (Yakhshi's son).[4] Claude Cahen proposes that Ajlan, the Karasid prince mentioned by Ottoman sources (died c. 1335) may have been Karasi Bey's nickname, and so his sons who were involved in a dynastic conflict may be Demir Khan and Yakhshi Khan (named Dursun). Dursun was subsequently killed, and the Ottomans thus annexed the territory.[11]

References

  1. ^ Zachariadou 1991, p. 235.
  2. ^ Zachariadou 1991, p. 227.
  3. ^ Zachariadou 1991, pp. 228–229.
  4. ^ a b Cahen & de Planhol 1978; Günal 2001, p. 488–489.
  5. ^ Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 98; Zachariadou 1991, p. 228.
  6. ^ a b Zachariadou 1991, p. 228.
  7. ^ Günal 2001, pp. 488–489.
  8. ^ a b Zachariadou 1991, p. 229.
  9. ^ Uzunçarşılı 1969, p. 98.
  10. ^ Foss 2022, p. 206.
  11. ^ Cahen & de Planhol 1978.

Bibliography

  • Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780231107143. OCLC 35029627.
  • Cahen, Claude & de Planhol, Xavier (1978). "Ḳarasi̊". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 758278456.
  • Foss, Clive (2022). The Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198865438.
  • Günal, Zerrin (2001). "Karesioğulları". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 488–489. ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
  • Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1969). Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri [Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press. ISBN 9751624576. OCLC 563553149. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  • Zachariadou, Elizabeth (11–13 January 1991). "The Emirate of Karasi and That of the Ottomans: Two Rival States". The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Halcyon Days in Crete I. Rethymnon: Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas, Institute for Mediterranean Studies. pp. 226–236.
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