Central Cardamom Mountains National Park

Central Cardamom Mountains National Park
Khmer: ឧទ្យានជាតិជួរភ្នំក្រវាញកណ្តាល
LocationKoh Kong province, Pursat province and Kampong Speu province, Cambodia
Coordinates11°56′14″N 103°29′07″E / 11.937227°N 103.485260°E / 11.937227; 103.485260[1]
Area4,010.65 km2 (1,548.52 sq mi)[2]
Established1999[2]
Governing bodyMinistry of Environment

The Central Cardamom Mountains National Park is a protected area in the central parts of Cambodia's Cardamom Mountains, covering 4,013.13 km2 (1,549.48 sq mi). It was established in 1999 as a protected forest under management by the Forestry Administration, and in 2016 the Ministry of Environment assumed responsibility.[3][4]

The Central Cardamom Mountains National Park spans three provinces and is flanked east and west by Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary respectively.

Ecology

Central Cardamom Mountains National Park lies within the Cardamom Mountains rainforest landscape in southwestern Cambodia. The park spans an elevation range of about 20 to 1,540 m (66 to 5,052 ft) and is dominated by evergreen and semi-evergreen forest.[5][6]

Habitats described from the park include dense monsoon forest, melaleuca wetlands and coastal habitats such as mangroves and estuaries. The park also contains a network of rivers draining toward the Gulf of Thailand.[7]

Between 2000 and 2015, forest loss in Central Cardamom Mountains National Park was estimated at 1.2% in a landscape-level assessment, and no economic land concessions were listed within the park in that compilation.[6]

The park has been described as providing habitat for more than 400 vertebrate species, 70 fish species and more than 200 plant species, including species endemic to the region. Species recorded from the park include the Asian elephant, Asiatic black bear, clouded leopard and pileated gibbon.[8]

Across the wider Cardamom Rainforest Landscape, systematic camera trap surveys from 2012 to 2016 recorded at least 30 species of medium to large ground-dwelling mammals. Frequently detected species in that compilation included the sun bear, clouded leopard and dhole, and domestic dogs were detected across surveyed areas.[6]

Camera-trap data collected in 2016 have been used to estimate leopard cat density and occupancy across different forest types in Central Cardamom Mountains National Park using spatial capture–recapture and occupancy modelling.[5]

Climate

Koh Kong
Climate chart (explanation)
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320
 
 
31
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104
 
 
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Weather Information Service.[9]
Imperial conversion
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1.3
 
 
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3.4
 
 
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Koh Kong province, which includes part of the park, has a tropical monsoon climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season normally runs from April to October, with precipitation highest from June to September. In Koh Kong, monthly maximum temperatures are about 30–34 °C and monthly minimum temperatures about 22–25 °C. Annual rainfall recorded at Koh Kong averaged about 3,633 mm over 2000–2005.[10]

History

The project area was a former Khmer Rouge stronghold with settlements of Indigenous people and former Khmer Rouge families. Wildlife sanctuary designations were little known locally during the early 2000s, and traditional use of forest resources was common; the area was also large and difficult to monitor.[11]

The park area has been treated as part of the Cardamom Mountains protected area complex, which includes the Central Cardamoms Protected Forest and the Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries. Conservation initiatives in the early 2000s included a Central Cardamom Protected Forest project implemented by the Forestry Administration under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries with support from Conservation International (2001–2004), alongside a separate wildlife sanctuaries project implemented by the Ministry of Environment with support from Fauna & Flora International (2003–2007). The two sub-projects operated under different jurisdictions and start dates, and the wildlife sanctuaries work included management planning, operational capacity building, community engagement, awareness-raising and development of long-term financing mechanisms.[11]

Tourism

Tourism planning in the central Cardamoms has included proposals for small-scale ecotourism and user fees. Proposed activities have included a walking trail on Phnom Aural and birdwatching in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, with a gradual approach to visitation beginning with low-impact visits by students and researchers.[11]

A national program supported by the United Nations Development Programme has aimed to promote ecotourism opportunities and conservation in the Cardamom Mountains–Tonlé Sap landscape.[12]

Human impacts

Logging, road building and settlement expanded in the Cardamom Mountains in the 1990s alongside agricultural concessions, and commercial hunting and wildlife trade increased in the post-conflict period.[13]

Ranger patrols in the park in 2022 documented illegal land encroachment and illegal logging and confiscated and destroyed traps and snares and other equipment used in illegal activities.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Open Development Cambodia: Central Cardamom Mountains". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c World Database on Protected Areas (2018). "Central Cardamom Mountains". Protected Planet, United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018.
  3. ^ Sub-decree No.81 on Establishment of Central Cardamom Mountains National Park. https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/en/dataset/subdecree_no81_on_establishment_of_central_cardamom_mountains_national_park
  4. ^ Sub-decree No. 69 on the Transfer of the Protected Forest, Forest Conservation and Production Forest Areas, and Economic Land Concessions between MAFF, and MoE. https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/en/dataset/1cabf534-19a4-48bc-b926-6785aadd77ec
  5. ^ a b Pin, Chhay; Rostro-García, Cecilia; Kamler, Jan F.; Macdonald, David W. (25 March 2022). "Density and occupancy of leopard cats across different forest types in the Central Cardamom National Park, Cambodia". Mammal Research. doi:10.1007/s13364-022-00634-6.
  6. ^ a b c Gray, T. N. E.; et al. (2017). "Status and conservation significance of ground-dwelling mammals in the Cardamom Rainforest Landscape, southwestern Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History (1): 38–48.
  7. ^ a b "Central Cardamom Mountains National Park 2022 Progress Report". Global Conservation. 20 March 2023.
  8. ^ Central Cardamom Mountains National Park – Cambodia’s first protected area (PDF) (Report). Legacy Landscapes Fund. May 2021.
  9. ^ "Koh Kong climatological information (city ID 3640)" (JSON). World Weather Information Service. World Meteorological Organization.
  10. ^ The study on national integrated strategy of coastal area and master plan of Sihanouk-ville for sustainable development: final report; Book 1 – National integrated development strategy for coastal area (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency; Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.; KRI International Corp.; Value Planning International, Inc. November 2010. p. 4-111.
  11. ^ a b c Cardamom Mountains Project final evaluation (Report). United Nations Development Programme. April 2007.
  12. ^ "Cambodia Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project". United Nations Development Programme.
  13. ^ Coad, Laurene; et al. (2019). "Wildlife and Livelihoods in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7 296. Bibcode:2019FrEEv...7..296C. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00296.
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