Cause of Death: Unknown

Cause of Death: Unknown (Persian: علت مرگ: نامعلوم, romanized: Ellat-e Marg: Nâmaloum); is a 2023 Iranian drama film written and directed by Ali Zarnegar and produced by Majid Barzegar. Starring Banipal Shoomoon, Alireza Sanifar, and Neda Jebraeili, the film follows seven passengers traveling across Iran’s Lut Desert whose overnight journey is disrupted when one of them dies suddenly, forcing the group into a tense moral dilemma after discovering a hidden sum of money on the body.

The film premiered at the Shanghai International Film Festival on 13 June 2023, where it won the Best Cinematography Award in the Asian New Talent Competition.^[1] It later screened at major international festivals such as the Hof International Film Festival in Germany, the Torino Underground Cinefest in Italy, and the Iranian Film Festival Zurich, where it won the Golden Cyrus Cylinder for Best Feature Film.^[2]

Zarnegar received multiple national honors, including Best Director and Best Original Screenplay from the Iran’s Film Critics and Writers Association in 2025. In the same year, Cause of Death: Unknown was selected by the Farabi Cinema Foundation as Iran’s official submission for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 98th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.^[3]

A van carrying seven passengers travels across Iran’s vast Lut Desert when their journey takes an unexpected turn after one of the travelers dies suddenly. With no medical professional available to issue a death certificate, the group’s call for help is denied, leaving them stranded in the middle of nowhere.

As night falls, they search the deceased’s belongings in the hope of finding an identity or contact information, but what they discover instead deepens their crisis. Fear, suspicion, and moral tension begin to divide the group as they struggle to decide what is right—and what will keep them alive until morning.^{[4] [5][6]}

The film’s central theme is a moral crossroads where ordinary people must choose between ethical integrity and personal gain under dire pressure.^[7] Critics have noted that Cause of Death: Unknown uses its desert-set thriller premise to explore human ethics and survival instinct when societal rules break down.^[8] The anonymous corpse and the bag of money serve as symbols that test each character’s conscience, highlighting how greed can challenge humanity and solidarity in moments of crisis.^[9]

Beyond the immediate moral dilemma, the film offers a broader reflection on contemporary Iranian society. Reviewers observed that it portrays “social realities of the era” and the struggle to uphold morality and humanity amid hardship.^[10] Themes of trust and betrayal run throughout the story, as the travelers—who start as strangers—realize that “no one truly knows anyone” when faced with high-stakes decisions.

Some commentary interprets the scenario as a universal parable of marginalization and migration: the dead traveler’s unknown identity and the presence of a Baloch woman among the group hint at those living on society’s fringes, suggesting the film is “not merely about an anonymous corpse, but a reflection on migration and marginalization” in a broader human context.^[11][12]

Through sparse, claustrophobic storytelling, Ali Zarnegar imbues the narrative with social criticism yet avoids overt political slogans, focusing instead on the characters’ internal ethical struggles.^[13]

• Banipal Shoomoon as Ahmad, the van driver. Shoomoon (also credited as Banipal Shomon) is an Iranian Assyrian actor and singer. A graduate of Karnameh Art School, he first gained attention for voicing a character in the animated film The Last Story and later appeared in the popular TV series Shahrzad. He has been active on stage and film and was nominated for Best Actor at the 2018 Fajr Theater Festival.^[14]

• Alireza Sanifar as Naser, a passenger. Sanifar is an actor, voice actor, and screenwriter who began his career at age 13. He has written for animated series and voiced several well-known Iranian cartoon characters. He received an Honorary Diploma for Best Male Actor at a national film festival.^[15]

• Neda Jebraeili as Bahar, a passenger. Jebraeili (born 1990) is an acclaimed Iranian actress known for Bending the Rules (2013), Fish & Cat (2013), Boarding Pass (2017), Drowning in Holy Water (2020), and World War III (2022). She has received multiple nominations for the Crystal Simorgh at the Fajr Film Festival.^[16]

• Ali Mohammad Radmanesh as Majid, a passenger. Radmanesh is a theater-trained actor and filmmaker from Jiroft, Iran. He won the Best Actor Award at the Kosovo International Film Festival in 2020 for his performance in a short film.^[17]

• Zakieh Behbahani as Najveh, a passenger. Behbahani (also credited as Zakiyeh Behbahani) is an actress who has appeared in Iranian independent films.

• Reza Amouzad as Esmaeil, a passenger.

• Soheil Bavi as Peyman, a passenger.

• Saeed Rezaeikia as the body, the deceased traveler.

• Mansour Ghanijahed as Policeman.

• Mohammadreza Hosseinian as Policeman.

• Ashkan Ashoori as Driver.

• Sahar Babaei as Baloch woman (cameo).

The film’s ensemble nature gives each performer a distinct role within the confined setting. Many of the cast are active figures in Iran’s independent theater and film scene.^[18]

Cause of Death: Unknown was written and directed by Ali Zarnegar, marking his feature directorial debut.^[19] Zarnegar, born in Tehran in 1983, had previously gained recognition as a poet and screenwriter. He was twice nominated for Best Screenplay at the Fajr Film Festival — first for Wednesday, May 9 (2014) and later for No Date, No Signature (2016), the latter winning multiple international awards including the Best Writing Prize at the Stockholm International Film Festival.^[20]

The film was produced by Majid Barzegar, a leading figure in Iranian independent cinema known for Parviz (2012) and The Rain Falls Where It Will (2020).^[21] Barzegar described the screenplay as “exceptionally precise and tightly woven,” noting that its minimal setting allowed for “a rare moral intensity.” The production was handled by Rainy Pictures, with Raft Films overseeing international sales and distribution.^[22]

Cinematography was led by Davood Malek-Hosseini, whose stark compositions capture both the vast emptiness of the Lut Desert and the claustrophobic confines of the van. His work won the Best Cinematography Award at the 2023 Shanghai International Film Festival’s Asian New Talent Competition.^[23] The film’s editing was done by Hamid Najafirad, with a subtle score by Easa Habibzadeh, and sound design by Alireza Alavian, one of Iran’s most acclaimed sound mixers.^[24]

According to reports, the film was initially accepted into the 40th Fajr International Film Festival (2022) but was later removed from the lineup by Iranian authorities days before screening, for undisclosed reasons.^[25] Zarnegar criticized the decision, stating that “social cinema reflects society” and that silencing filmmakers only deepens public disillusionment. Despite these challenges, the film was completed independently and became a symbol of artistic perseverance within Iran’s restrictive film environment.^[26]

The film had its world premiere on 13 June 2023 at the Shanghai International Film Festival in the Asian New Talent competition, where it later won Best Cinematography for Davood Malek-Hosseini.^[27] Its European premiere took place at the Hof International Film Festival in Germany in October 2023.^[28]

In 2024 the film continued its festival run across Europe and North America: it screened at the Salento International Film Festival (Italy),^[29] the Torino Underground Cinefest (Italy) — where it won Best Film —,^[30] the Iranian Film Festival Zurich (Switzerland),^[31] the Girona Film Festival (Spain),^[32] the Pigeon International Film Festival (Iceland),^[33] and the Monadnock International Film Festival (United States).^[34] In September 2024, it won the Golden Cyrus Cylinder (Best Feature Film) at IFF Zurich.^[35]

In 2025, the film received the Audience Favorite Film Award at the 3rd Iranian Film Festival New York.^[36] It was later selected by the Farabi Cinema Foundation as Iran’s official submission for the 98th Academy Awards.^[37]

Cause of Death: Unknown received broadly positive reviews for its restrained realism, moral depth, and ensemble performances, though a few critics cited its slow pacing.

Cinema Without Borders published two in-depth reviews that praised the film’s craftsmanship and ethical scope. The first called it “a significant work in a bleak and trying time when the talents and potential of Iranian cinema are being recklessly squandered by the dominance of superficial comedies,” describing it as “a thoughtful, well-crafted social drama” with “creative use of lighting, color, and sound.”^[38] In a later article titled Iran’s Oscar Selection: Cause of Death: Unknown, the same outlet hailed it as “a powerful and unsettling exploration of social prejudice and the machinery of othering,” arguing that the film “forces audiences to confront their own assumptions about ethnicity and human worth.” It further praised its “austere visual language and near-total absence of music,” which “sharpen the ethical unease and keep the audience uncomfortably present.”^[39]

The Tehran Times described the film as “a portrait of social realities and the difficulty of remaining humane under pressure,” noting that it “balances suspense with ethical inquiry.”^[40] Iran International called it “a study of human nature when institutional structures fail,” praising its realism and moral tension.^[41]

Writing for International Feature, a reviewer observed that “the power of the film lies in its stillness,” highlighting Zarnegar’s ability “to draw meaning out of silence and space” and describing the film as “less about the mystery of a corpse and more about the mysteries of the living.” The piece emphasized that Cause of Death: Unknown “refuses the easy satisfaction of explanation,” calling it “cinema that demands we sit with ambiguity.”^[42]

In a mixed review, Asian Movie Pulse critic Don Anelli described the film as “a serviceable if unremarkable feature,” praising its “intriguing premise and sweeping sense of mood,” while faulting its “underwhelming pacing and long stretches of dialogue.”^[43]

Following the film’s Oscar submission announcement, The Hollywood Reporter and Variety both cited it among the year’s most notable Iranian releases. Variety wrote that “its low-key style and moral tension distinguish it within Iran’s contemporary cinema,” while The Hollywood Reporter praised its “haunting simplicity and human depth.”^[44][45]

Overall, critics commended Zarnegar’s precision, Davood Malek-Hosseini’s cinematography, and the cast’s understated performances. The film’s moral ambiguity and quiet intensity led several reviewers to compare its tone to Iranian dramas such as No Date, No Signature and A Separation, identifying Zarnegar as one of the most promising new voices in Iran’s contemporary cinema.

• List of submissions to the 98th Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film
• List of Iranian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film

• Cause of Death: Unknown at IMDb