Badhan, Sanaag

Badhan
Baran
برن
City
Badhan
Location in Somaliland
Badhan
Badhan (Somaliland)
Coordinates: 10°42′50″N 48°20′5″E / 10.71389°N 48.33472°E / 10.71389; 48.33472
Country Somaliland
RegionSanaag
DistrictBadhan[1]
Government
 • TypeLocal Council
 • MayorAwed Ali Hiirey[2][3]
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total
65,500
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Footnotes:

Badhan (Somali: Badhan; Arabic: برن), also known as Baran is a city in the Sanaag region, state of Somaliland.[5][6][7][8]

Overview

A principal town in eastern Sanaag, Badhan is de facto administered by the Sanaag State of Somaliland, as evidenced by Puntland-run direct local council elections held on 25 May 2023[9] and by repeated Puntland political and security deployments to the town and district in 2021–2025.[10][2][11]

The town lies in the heartland of the Warsangali (Harti/Darod) community, which forms the predominant local population; scholarship on Sanaag’s borderlands identifies Badhan and its environs as a core Warsangali area within the contested Somaliland–Puntland interface.[12][13]

Regionally, Badhan functions as a political and administrative hub for eastern Sanaag (including past Maakhir initiatives and recent Puntland gatherings), as well as a service and education node: the Somali National University operates a branch campus in Badhan, and local media and officials have highlighted its role in expanding higher education access in the area.[14][15] Humanitarian and mapping products also reference Badhan as a key inland waypoint for settlements across Sanaag, underscoring its role in mobility, logistics, and response planning.[16]

Politically, Badhan remains situated on a long-contested frontier between Somaliland and Puntland, yet current administrative practice and electoral implementation indicate effective Puntland control,[9] while the Warsangali social base anchors the town’s local governance and civic life.[13]

Demographics

As of the UrbanStats aggregation, the “Badhan Metropolitan Cluster” has an estimated population of 65,500, a modelled figure derived by aggregating EC-JRC GHS-POP 2023A gridded population cells around Badhan rather than administrative boundaries.[17]

Badhan and its surrounding area are identified as part of the Warsangali (Harti/Darod) heartland in eastern Sanaag.[18][19] Eastern Sanaag, including the Badhan area, is described as predominantly Warsangali within the Harti/Darod confederation.[19][13]

Badhan is frequently used as a focal point for Warsangali community meetings and declarations.[20]

Livelihoods in and around Badhan are largely pastoral, with drought periods driving short-term mobility and elevating water costs in nearby settlements.[21]

Transport and logistics

Towns around Badhan

Badhan historically lay on the inland route linking the coastal town of Las Khorey with Erigavo, functioning as the corridor’s midpoint staging town.[22]

In recent years, road construction linking El Dahir, Badhan, and Erigavo has advanced.[23] El Dahir appears on a feeder route from the Sanaag interior toward the Bosaso–Qardho–Garowe primary corridor, functioning as a connection point to that trunk.[24]

Politics

Main articles: Somaliland-Puntland dispute and Maakhir

A Warsangali stronghold, Badhan functions as a forward base from which Puntland exercises de facto control over parts of eastern Sanaag; the town also took part in the 2023 Puntland municipal elections under a one-person-one-vote system.[13][25][9] At times in the past, however, Somaliland has exercised practical control and, at least formally, has appointed its own Badhan “mayor/governor,” as illustrated by the resignation in 2019 of the Somaliland-appointed Badhan administrator Ali Hussein (“Ali Somali”).[26] The area has also seen intermittent Warsangali autonomy initiatives (notably the Maakhir project), underscoring its persistent political fluidity.[25]

Badhan is administered by a local council, with the mayor chosen by council vote; in September 2019 the council elected Ahmed Mohamed Timir as mayor.[27] Nevertheless, external interference has occurred: in September 2019 Puntland security forces arrested Somaliland’s deputy governor for Badhan, and in January 2021 Puntland deployed forces to block a Somaliland voter-registration attempt in the town, an operation overseen by the Puntland parliamentary speaker.[28][2][10]

Mayor

Badhan is claimed by both Somaliland and Puntland, each with its own governor who orders it. Badhan mayor and Badhan district governor mean the same thing.

Somaliland

Name Somali name Term of office
Took office Left office Time in office
Abdale Mahamed Fatah Cabdalle Maxamed Faatax
Abdihakim Ahmed Mahamud (Abdihakim Wahabi) Cabdixakiin Axmed Maxamuud (Cabdixakiin Wahaabi) Feb. 2017 (death retirement)[29]
Ali Husein Mahamed (Ali Somali) Cali Xuseen Maxamed (Cali Soomaali) Mar. 2017[30] May 2019[31] 2 years, 2 months
Mahamud Hamud Umar Maxamuud Xaamud Cumar Jun. 2019[32] Incumbent 6 years, 6 months

Puntland

Name Somali name Term of office
Took office Left office Time in office
Abdirisak Ahmed Isse Cabdirisaaq Axmed Ciise[33]
Ahmed Mahamed Timir Axmed Maxamed Timir Sep. 2019[34]
Awed Ali Hiirey Cawed Cali Xiirey Sep.2023 Incumbent 2 years, 3 months

Education

The Somali National University has a branch in Badhan.[35][36] In January 2021, the university's central committee commended the Puntland branch of the National University in Badhan district, which is the last branch to be included in the university, for its good performance, both for its students and for its colleagues.[37] The construction of the university was funded at the cost 6 Million USD by the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development in agreement with the Federal Government of Somalia and implemented by the Puntland authorities.[38]

Somali-language local media and notices document ongoing activities at the campus. In September 2023, public announcements promoted SNU–Badhan programmes and admissions;[39] in November 2023, the university partnered with the district to host a community sports cup that concluded in Badhan;[40] and for the 2025–2026 academic year Puntland State TV reported new-student registration opening at the Badhan branch.[41] A local call for lecturers issued in September 2025 listed subject needs including Sharia, Arabic, English, Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Introduction to Geology, reflecting programme breadth at the campus formerly known as Maakhir University.[42] Earlier coverage and community pages likewise document the formal launch and events held at the Badhan campus facilities.[43][44]

Media

The Somali-language press and broadcasters provide regular coverage from Badhan. Regional outlets such as Radio Daljir air programmes produced from the town and across Sanaag,[45][46] while Puntland State TV frequently reports on municipal activities and development works in Badhan.[47][48] Private TV networks including SBC Somali TV also cover community events in the city.[49] National public broadcasters such as SNTV and Radio Mogadishu likewise file reports from Badhan and the wider eastern Sanaag area.[50][36]

Notable residents

  • Mohammed Abdullah Hassan: Leader of the Dervish movement; his campaigns reached eastern Sanaag and he ordered a fort at Badhan, making the town a Dervish-era staging point.[51][52]
  • Mohamoud Ali Shire: Warsangeli sultan; his sultanate’s heartland encompassed eastern Sanaag including the Badhan area, with colonial-era sources documenting his exile and subsequent activities linked to the region.[53][54]
  • Abdillahi Mohammed Ahmed ("Qablan"): Longtime Somali official from the Warsangali community; local histories credit him with infrastructure projects connecting Badhan and Laasqoray (including the Geeldoora road) and wells in Sanaag.[55]
  • Jibrell Ali Salad: President of the proto-state Maakhir (2007–2009); contemporary reporting notes that Warsangeli sultans and elders met at Bahdan/Badhan to declare the Maakhir administration with Jibril Ali Salad as president, making Badhan its hub.[56]
  • Fatima Jibrell: Environmentalist and founder of Horn Relief (now Adeso); her programs and advocacy have focused on Sanaag communities, including initiatives operating out of Badhan.[57][58]
  • Faisal Hawar: Business and civic figure associated with development efforts tied to Maakhir University in Badhan; reporting documents agreements backed by the Kuwait Fund that earmarked funds for Maakhir University facilities.[59][60]
  • Said Hassan Shire: Former Speaker of the Puntland House of Representatives; a Warsangali politician from eastern Sanaag who engaged in Sanaag/Badhan affairs during and after his speakership (see contemporary analyses of Puntland political transitions).[61]
  • Gamal Mohamed Hassan: Somalia’s former Minister of Planning; paid an official visit to Badhan and Dhahar in January 2018, a move noted in later analyses of Somaliland–Somalia relations and reported at the time by local media.[62][63]

History

Until Somalia Independence

Before the colonial period, the Badhan area lay within the heartland of the Warsangali Sultanate in eastern Sanaag.[25]: 130 

In the 1910s, during the Dervish wars, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan’s forces exerted control over parts of the interior of British Somaliland, and the Badhan area figured among the Dervish-era strongpoints, including a fort attributed to this period.[64]

In 1933 a severe drought prompted the opening of a relief camp at Badhan that housed an estimated 2,500–3,000 people.[64] In 1945, the protectorate administration employed poisoned bait in anti-locust campaigns; pastoralists from Zeila to Badhan protested, and unrest followed in several localities.[64]

By the late colonial period, Badhan appears in official survey work with fixed coordinates at approximately 10°43′N, 48°20′E, reflecting its recognition as a settled inland point in eastern Sanaag prior to Somali independence in 1960.[65]: 18 

Until Somali civil war (1960–1991)

Following Somali independence in 1960, Badhan was administered as an inland township of eastern Sanaag. In the 1970s, a series of heavy rains unleashed powerful floods across the interior; contemporaneous reporting in an environmental study notes that the Siad Barre government relocated the population of Xubeera to Badhan.[66]: 20 

The 1974–1975 drought (Abaartii Dabadheer) affected northern Somalia, triggering large-scale relief operations and population movements across Sanaag’s pastoral zones around Badhan.[67][68]

Somali Civil War and Somaliland’s founding

Through the 1980s, while conflict intensified elsewhere, districts inhabited by the Warsangeli—in and around Badhan—were recorded as remaining largely free from fighting up to the collapse of the central government in 1991.[69]

After the Republic of Somaliland’s 1991 declaration of independence, authority in the far east of the claimed territory remained uneven. Studies note that through most of the 1990s the Somaliland administration largely left the Dhulbahante and Warsangali areas of Sool and eastern Sanaag “to their own devices,” with customary leadership and local arrangements prevailing around Badhan.[25][70]

Peace conferences during 1990–1997 helped stabilize much of Somaliland, but eastern Sanaag remained only partially integrated into Hargeisa’s structures.[71][72]

In the wider north-east, Harti–Darod constituencies (including the Warsangali around Badhan) pursued a track that culminated in the founding of the Puntland State in 1998; analyses trace that formation to clan conferences and security coordination among Majeerteen, Dhulbahante and Warsangali leaders.[73][74][75]

After Puntland’s founding (1998–2007)

Following the creation of Puntland in 1998, Badhan and the surrounding Warsangali-inhabited interior of eastern Sanaag developed links to Puntland’s administration alongside local customary authority.[76][70]

Humanitarian reporting during this period highlights recurring drought stress. In November 2005, BBC Somali noted extreme water prices in Sanaag including Badhan district, reflecting depleted catchments and the cost of trucking water to inland settlements.[77]

Analysts record that, in parallel with Puntland’s structures, Somaliland sought to project administrative claims eastwards in the early 2000s (creating a nominal “Badhan” region), while Puntland announced the Haylan region; on the ground, Warsangali communities around Badhan continued to manage affairs through their own councils and elders.[70]

Amid frictions with Puntland over resources and security, Warsangali leaders declared the short-lived Maakhir State in mid-2007, naming Badhan its hub; contemporary commentary placed the announcement around early July 2007 following communal meetings in Badhan and Dhahar.[78][25]

Somaliland and Puntland (2008–2017)

In February 2008, local reporting described Somaliland troops entering Badhan following a Puntland withdrawal, marking a shift in on-the-ground control in eastern Sanaag’s interior around the town.[79]

In June 2013, Somaliland forces were reported to have taken control of Badhan district from Puntland forces.[80] Later that year, a Puntland presidential hopeful’s visit drew protest from Somaliland-focused outlets for “violating” Somaliland’s sovereignty claims.[81]

In March 2014, local media again noted Somaliland troops entering Badhan, after which the situation was said to have calmed.[82]

On 19 October 2015, eight members of the Somaliland National Electoral Commission were detained by Puntland authorities in Badhan district and released shortly thereafter.[83]

In mid-2016, Somaliland proceeded with elements of its voter-registration rollout in eastern Sanaag. On 18 July 2016, the Somaliland-appointed Badhan mayor stated registration was proceeding across the district,[84] and on 17 July 2016 Somaliland’s defence minister visited Badhan amid reported tensions in eastern Sanaag.[85]

In February 2017, administrative turnover on the Somaliland side was noted when the Badhan district governor died in Hargeisa.[86]

Puntland's administrative (2018–2023)

In 2018, Puntland authorities stepped up their administrative presence in Badhan. On 2018-09-20 the Puntland cabinet convened a formal session in Badhan, and the following day the president’s delegation was publicly received in the town, underscoring Garowe’s links to local administration.[87][88] In early 2018, Somalia’s federal planning minister also toured Badhan and Dhahar with Puntland officials, reflecting federal–state engagement in eastern Sanaag.[89]

On 2019-05-30 the Somaliland-appointed “governor of Badhan” resigned and aligned himself with Puntland,[26] and on 2019-09-05 the Badhan district council elected Ahmed Mohamed Timir as mayor in a process organized by Puntland’s Ministry of Interior.[27] Days later, Puntland security services arrested Somaliland’s deputy governor for Badhan district, illustrating continued contestation over symbols of authority.[28]

In January 2021, Puntland deployed forces to Badhan to block Somaliland’s attempted voter registration; a delegation led by the Speaker of the Puntland House visited the town as part of the operation.[2][10] Puntland subsequently announced the deployment of trained police to Badhan on 2021-06-17 to reinforce local security.[90] On 2021-10-20, local elders in Badhan publicly distanced the town from reported evictions in Erigavo, indicating sensitivities amid the Somaliland–Puntland dispute.[91]

Badhan participated in Puntland’s 2023 local democratization exercise. International reporting notes that on 2023-05-25 the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC) conducted one-person-one-vote municipal elections across 30 districts, including Badhan, as part of the state’s first statewide direct local polls; subsequent summaries discuss council compositions and party shares at district level.[9][92][93]

Recent History (2024–)

During 2024–2025, tensions between Puntland and the federal government over constitutional amendments also formed a significant backdrop, with Puntland announcing a freeze in cooperation with federal institutions in March–April 2024; local administration in Badhan continued to function under Puntland’s framework amid these statewide dynamics.[94][95]

In October 2024, a brief clash was reported in Badhan between Puntland forces and troops aligned with the self-proclaimed Maakhir authorities, amid a standoff around the district; both sides were said to be entrenched outside the town and no major casualties were initially reported.[96][97] In the broader Sanaag theatre, further confrontations were reported in mid-2025 around Ceelbuh, reflecting continued contention over administrative alignment in eastern Sanaag.[98]

References

  1. ^ "Somalia Reference Map - Ceerigaabo District (22 Feb 2012)". ReliefWeb. OCHA. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Somalia's Puntland Army Takes Over Badhan to Block Somaliland Parliamentary, Municipal Elections". MENAFN. 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Duqa degmada Badhan ee gobolka Sanaag ayaa dhagax dhigay xarumo waxbarasho iyo caafimaad" [The mayor of Badhan district in Sanaag region laid the foundation stone for educational and health centres]. Facebook (in Somali). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Badhan Metropolitan Cluster, Somalia". Urban Stats. UrbanStats. Retrieved 2025-10-06. Population: 65,500; source noted as "GHS-POP 2023A (EC-JRC)"
  5. ^ "Badhan, Somalia - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates". geographic.org. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  6. ^ MENAFN. "Severe Drought Threatens Somaliland Eastern Regions". menafn.com. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  7. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland - Contested Borderlands (PDF). p. 130. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  8. ^ "Badhan Smart Survey 2019 Final Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-24.
  9. ^ a b c d "Somalia - May 2023". International IDEA. May 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  10. ^ a b c "The Puntland Speaker visiting Badhan district". Somali Dispatch. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  11. ^ Somalia: Security Situation (PDF) (Report). EUAA – European Union Agency for Asylum. June 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  12. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 130. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  13. ^ a b c d Mahmood, Omar S. (December 2019). Overlapping claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The case of Sool and Sanaag (Report). East Africa Report 27. Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  14. ^ "Shirka guddiga Sare ee Jaamacadda Umadda Soomaaliyeed oo Muqdisho lagusoo gabagabeeyay". Hiiraan Online. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  15. ^ "BADHAN & WAXBARASHADA CASRIGA AH: Jaamacadda Ummadda, faraca Badhan". Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  16. ^ Somalia Reference Map – Ceerigaabo District (Sanaag) (Map). UNOCHA. February 2012. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  17. ^ "Badhan Metropolitan Cluster, Somalia". Urban Stats. UrbanStats. Retrieved 2025-10-06. Population: 65,500; source noted as "GHS-POP 2023A (EC-JRC)"
  18. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 130. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  19. ^ a b "Sanaag". European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA). 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  20. ^ "Beelaha Warsangali oo go'aamo culus ka soo saaray xaalada siyaasadeed ee gobolka Sanaag". Radio Daljir. June 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  21. ^ "High cost of water adds burden to struggling pastoralists in remote part of northern Somalia's Sanaag". Radio Ergo. August 2018. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  22. ^ Somalia Reference Map – Ceerigaabo District (Sanaag) (Map). UNOCHA. February 2012. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
  23. ^ "Ceel-daahir iyo dhismaha wadooyinka isku xidhaya Badhan iyo Ceerigaabo" (in Somali). Allsanaag. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
  24. ^ Somalia – Flood Access Constraints Map (PDF) (Map). Logistics Cluster (WFP). 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  25. ^ a b c d e Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  26. ^ a b "Gudoomiyihii Somaliland ee Badhan oo "is-casilay" kuna biiray Puntland". Garowe Online. May 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  27. ^ a b "Golaha deegaanka Badhan oo doortay duq cusub". Puntland Mirror. September 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  28. ^ a b "Puntland oo Badhan ku xirtay Mas'uul ka tirsan Somaliland". Radio Dalsan. September 2019. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  29. ^ "Ku-simaha Madaxweynaha oo ka Hadlay Shakhsiyadii Badhasaabkii Badhan oo Geeriyooday". Wargeyska Dawan. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  30. ^ "FAAFINTA RASMIGA AH 01/04/2017" (PDF). Somaliland. 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  31. ^ "Gudoomiyihii Somaliland ee Badhan oo "is-casilay" kuna biiray Puntland". Garowe Online. 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  32. ^ "Isku shaandheyn kooban oo lagu sameeyey masuuliyiin ka tirsan xukuumadda Somaliland". Hiiraan online. 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  33. ^ "WAFTI KA SOCDA PUNTLAND OO SI DIIRAN LOOGU SOO DHAWEEYEY BADHAN G/SANAAG". Puntland Post. 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  34. ^ "PUNTLAND: HAWEENEYDII UGU HORREYSAY OO XIL SARE KA QABATA DOWLADAHA HOOSE". Puntland Post. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  35. ^ "Badhan & Waxbarashada Casriga Ah: Jaamacadda Ummadda, faraca Badhan". Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  36. ^ a b Hassan, Mohamed (January 2020). "Arday u fadhiisatay Imtixaanka aqbalaadda ee Jaamacadda Ummadda faraceeda Puntland". Radio Mogadishu. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  37. ^ Sheikh, Abdiwelli (January 2021). "Shirka guddiga Sare ee Jaamacadda Umadda Soomaaliyeed oo Muqdisho lagusoo gabagabeeyay". Hiiraan Online. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  38. ^ "Signature of Grant Agreements in The Federal Republic of Somalia". Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. February 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  39. ^ "PUBLIC NOTICE - SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY BADHAN". X (formerly Twitter). Radio Daljir. September 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  40. ^ "Koobka Xaafadaha Degmada Badhan & Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Faraca Puntland oo soo dhamaday". Radio Daljir. November 2023. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  41. ^ "Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Faraca Puntland ee Badhan ayaa daahfurtay diiwaangelinta ardayda cusub 2025–2026". Facebook. Puntland State TV. September 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  42. ^ "Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, Faraceeda Puntland–Badhan: Qorshaha qaadashada barayaal". Allsanaag.com. September 2025. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  43. ^ "BADHAN: Xafladda daahfurka Jaamacadda Ummadda, faraca Puntland". Facebook. Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  44. ^ "Naadiga Ardayda Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed – Faraca Puntland, Badhan". Facebook. 2024. Retrieved 2025-09-30.
  45. ^ "Caawa & Daljir – Badhan, Sanaag". Facebook. Radio Daljir. January 2021. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  46. ^ "Radio Daljir iyo dhegaysiga dadka reer miyiga ee Sanaag – Badhan". Facebook. Radio Daljir. March 2024. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  47. ^ "Bulshada Badhan oo uga mahadcelisay dowladda Puntland dhismaha waddada laamiga". Facebook. Puntland State TV. July 2024. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  48. ^ "Badhan: Daahfurka nidaamka maamulka dhulka ee degmada Badhan". Facebook. Puntland State TV. September 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  49. ^ "Beel Garaad cusub ku caleema-saaratay magaalada Badhan, Sanaag". Facebook. SBC Somali TV. May 2023. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  50. ^ "Shir loogahadlayay horumarinta gobolka Sanaag oo lagu qabtay magaalada Badhan". Somali National Television (SNTV). June 2021. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  51. ^ "Mohammed Abdullah Hassan". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1998. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  52. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2014). "An appraisal of the 'Dervish state' in northern Somalia (1899–1920)" (PDF). University of Leipzig Working Paper. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  53. ^ Millman, Brock (2014). British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 1920–1960 (PDF). Routledge. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  54. ^ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944–1950. Somaliland Protectorate Survey Dept. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  55. ^ "Waxqabadkii Cabdulaahi Qablan". Allsanaag.com. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  56. ^ "How many states for the north?". Africa Confidential. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  57. ^ "Fatima Jibrell". Goldman Environmental Prize. 2021. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  58. ^ "Our Founder". Adeso. 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  59. ^ "Somalia: Kuwaiti Company to Construct Airport, University in Puntland". Garowe Online via AllAfrica. 2014-04-14. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  60. ^ "Somalia: Timeline for Garowe airport improvement project". Garowe Online. 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  61. ^ Puntland’s Political Transformation (PDF) (Report). Interpeace. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  62. ^ "A federal minister visits Sanaag region". Goobjoog News. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  63. ^ Somalia–Somaliland: The Perils of Delaying New Talks (Report). International Crisis Group. 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  64. ^ a b c Jama, Mohamed (2004). "The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland". Journal of the International African Institute. 74 (4): 534–566. doi:10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.534. JSTOR 3556841. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  65. ^ John Anthony Hunt (1951). "A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944–1950". Somaliland Protectorate Survey Department. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  66. ^ Oduori, Simon Mumuli; Musse Shaie Alim; Nathalie Gomes (February 2006). "Environmental Study of Degradation in the Sool Plateau and Gebi Valley: Sanaag region of Northern Somalia" (PDF). Horn Relief / FAO SWALIM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  67. ^ Axmad Dalmar (2017-03-07). "Abaartii Dabadheer, 1974–1975: Xeryihii gargaarka (Beer iyo Caynabo) iyo kaalintii takhaatiirta". WardheerNews (in Somali). Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  68. ^ "Enumerator Manual – Somali Population Estimation Survey (PESS) 2013". Federal Government of Somalia, Directorate of National Statistics. 2013. p. 39. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  69. ^ Mark Bradbury (1994). Background to the Somali War (PDF) (Report). Oxfam. pp. H.1 – H.2. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  70. ^ a b c Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland – Contested Borderlands (PDF) (Report). Rift Valley Institute. p. 124. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  71. ^ Peace in Somaliland: An Indigenous Approach to State-Building (PDF) (Report). Interpeace / Academy for Peace and Development. 2008. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  72. ^ Progressive Realisation? The Somaliland State (PDF) (Report). ODI. 2011. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  73. ^ Puntland’s Political Transformation: Taking the First Steps toward Democratic Elections (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  74. ^ The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State-building (PDF) (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. July 2008. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  75. ^ Somalia: The Trouble with Puntland (PDF) (Report). International Crisis Group. 2009-08-12. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  76. ^ Puntland’s Political Transformation: Taking the First Steps toward Democratic Elections (Report). Interpeace / PDRC. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  77. ^ "Biyo la'aan ka dhacday gobollada Sanaag" (in Somali). BBC News Somali. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  78. ^ "The irrelevancy of Somaliland". Hiiraan Online (Opinion). 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  79. ^ "Badhan: Socdaalka Wasiirka Kaluumaysiga iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Ciiddamada" (in Somali). Somaliland Horta. 2008-02-25. Archived from the original on 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  80. ^ "Somaliland Takes over the Control of Badhan in Eastern Sanaag". Somalia Diaspora News (Qurbejoog). 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  81. ^ "Puntland Presidential Contestant Violates Somaliland Sovereignty". Somaliland Sun. 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  82. ^ "Xaalada magaalada Badhan oo deggan ka dib markii ay Ciidamada Somaliland gudaha u galeen" (in Somali). Berbera News. 2014-03-22. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  83. ^ "Madaxdii lagu afduubtay Badhan oo la daayay" (in Somali). BBC News Somali. 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  84. ^ "Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Badhan oo jawaab ka bixiyay warar ka soo yeedhay Puntland" (in Somali). Afka Shacabka. 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  85. ^ "Wasiirka Gaashandhigga Somaliland oo tagey Badhan, xiisad ka taagan Sanaag Barri". Garowe Online. 2016-07-17. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  86. ^ "Ku-simaha Madaxweynaha oo ka Hadlay Shakhsiyadii Badhasaabkii Badhan oo Geeriyooday" (in Somali). Wargeyska Dawan. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  87. ^ "Shirka Golaha Wasiiradda Puntland Oo Ka Dhacay Magaaladda Badhan Ee Gobolka Sanaag" (in Somali). Oodweyne Media. 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  88. ^ "Madaxweynaha Puntland iyo Wefdigiisa oo Si Diiran Loogu Soo Dhoweeyey degmada Badhan – Sawiro". Horseed Media. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  89. ^ "Wasiirka Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ee Soomaaliya oo booqanaya Sool iyo Sanaag" (in Somali). BBC News Somali. 2018. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  90. ^ "Puntland oo ciidano boolis ah ku daabushay Badhan" (in Somali). Garowe Online. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  91. ^ "Badhan elders distance themselves from Sanaag evictions". Hiiraan Online. 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  92. ^ "Explainer – What historic local elections mean for democracy in Somalia". International IDEA. 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  93. ^ "Integrated Electoral Support Group (IESG) Newsletter, April–June 2023" (PDF). UNDP. 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  94. ^ "Somalia's Puntland refuses to recognise federal government after disputed constitutional changes". Reuters. 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  95. ^ "Somalia accused of 'threatening national unity' with new constitution". The Guardian. 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  96. ^ "Fighting erupts in Badhan as Puntland and Maakhir forces clash over territory". Hiiraan Online. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  97. ^ "Clash Breaks Out in Badhan District, Sanaag Region Amid Tensions Between Puntland Forces and Makhir State Authorities". Mustaqbal Media. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
  98. ^ "Clashes erupt in Sanaag region between Puntland forces and pro-SSC administration politicians". Hiiraan Online. 2025-07-05. Retrieved 2025-10-04.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.