Six Abodes of Murugan

Six Abodes of Murugan
Āṟupaṭaīvīṭukaḷ
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DeityMurugan
FestivalsKarthikai Deepam, Panguni Uthiram, Surasamharam, Thaipusam, Vaikasi Visakam
Location
LocationThiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, Pazhamudircholai
StateTamil Nadu
CountryIndia
Architecture
TypeTamil architecture
Temple6

The Six Abodes of Murugan (Tamil: Āṟupaṭaīvīṭukaḷ) are six Hindu temples dedicated to the Hindu deity Murugan, located in Tamil Nadu, India. These are Thiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai. These temples, which are associated with Hindu mythology associated with Murugan, are associated with Tamil literature such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkeerar, and in Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar.

Mythology

According to the seventeenth-century CE Tamil text Kanda Puranam, the asura brothers Surapadman, Simhamukhan, and Tarakasuran performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the three worlds.[1][2] When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads on his body, and a divine spark emerged from each of them. The sparks were taken to the Saravana lake, where they developed into six baby boys.[1] The six boys were then raised by the Krittikas and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Murugan was born.[2]

As per Kanda Puranam, Murugan imprisons Brahma as he could not explain the meaning of Aum.[2] When Shiva asks for the meaning of the mantra, Murugan teaches it to his father.[3][4] As per the same text, sage Narada once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a Gnana palam (fruit of knowledge), which is generally regarded as a mango.[5][6] Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, Vinayaga and Murugan, but Narada counseled that the fruit could not be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Murugan started his journey around the globe atop his peacock mount. However, Vinayaga surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them, and won the fruit. When Murugan returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain, and felt cheated. He discarded all his material belongings and left Kailasha to take up abode in the Palani Hills as a hermit.[7][8]

Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear vel, an embodiment of the power of Shakti (Parvati). On obtaining the vel, Murugan was imparted with the knowledge of distinguishing between good and evil.[2] As Murgan was born to save the devas from the tyranny of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras.[3] He killed Tarakasuran, and Simhamukhan before facing off with Surapadma in the final battle at Tiruchendur.[2][4][9] Surapadman escaped to the sea and took the form of a large mango tree, which spread across the three worlds. Murugan used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a peacock and a rooster, respectively. After Surapadman was killed, Murugan took the peacock as his vahana and the rooster as his pennant.[2] Murugan is married to Deivanai, the daughter of Indra, for his help in saving the devas from the asuras.[2] He later married Valli, the daughter of a tribal chief.[10]

In Tamil literature, five types of land are explained. According to these texts, Murugan is the deity of the mountainous Kurinji region.[11] Extant Sangam literature works dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE mention Murugan "the favoured god of the Tamils."[12]

Temples

The six Hindu temples (Tamil: Āṟupaṭaīvīṭukaḷ) are Thiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai.[13][14][15]Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai is a Sangam era text attributed to Nakkeerar, and was composed in Thiruparankundram.[16] Tiruppukal, written by Arunagirinathar, consists of verses sung in praise of each of the temples.[17]

Temple Tamil Name Location Notes
Subramaniyaswamy Temple தென்பரங்குன்றம்

Teṉparaṅkuṉṟam

Thiruparankundram, Madurai district Located on a hillock, it is the first of the Arupadaiveedu temples. Murugan's marriage with Deivanai took place here.[16][18]
Subramanya Swami Temple திருச்சீரலைவாய்

Tiruccīralaivāy

Tiruchendur, Thoothukudi district Located along the coast of Bay of Bengal, the temple commemorates the place where Murugan won a victory over the demon Surapadman.[15][19]
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple திருவாவினன்குடி

Tiruvāviṉaṉkuṭi

Palani, Dindigul district Located at the foothills of a hillock, the deity known as 'Kulanthai Velayuthaswami' is depicted as a young form of Murugan, and said to have been worshipped by the goddess Lakshmi. In the temple on the hilltop where 'Dhandayuthapani' is the main deity, Murugan is depicted as a hermit carrying a staff ('danda'). This is the place where Murugan is said to have arrived after his feud with his family over a divine fruit.[15][20]
Swaminatha Swamy Temple திருவேரகம்

Tiruvērakam

Swamimalai, Thanjavur district Located atop a small hillock, the temple commemorates the incident where Murugan is regarded to have explained the essence of the Pranava mantra "Om" to his father Shiva.[15][21]
Subramanyaswamy Temple குன்றுதோறாடல்

Kuṉṟutōṟāṭal

Tiruttani, Thiruvallur district Located atop a hill, Murugan is said to have reclaimed his inner peace after winning a war over the Surapadman and married Valli here.[15][22]
Solaimalai Murugan Temple சோலைமலை

Cōlaimalai

Pazhamudircholai, Madurai district Located on a hillock near a stream called "Nupura Gangai", Murugan is seen here with both his consorts, Deivanai and Valli.[15][23]

Practices and festivals

One of the major traditions of the temples, is the tonsuring of devotees, who vow to discard their hair in imitation of the deity at Palani.[24][25] Newborns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and ear piercing at the temples.[26] At Palani, the head of the presiding deity's idol is applied with sandalwood paste, at night, prior to the temple being closed for the day. The paste, upon being allowed to stay overnight, is said to acquire medicinal properties, and is much sought after and distributed to devotees, as rakkāla chandaṇam.[27] Panchamritam is a sacred sweet mixture made of banana, honey, ghee, jaggery and cardamom along with date fruits and Sugar candies, which is offered to Murugan.[7] Worship practices involve devotees wearing ochre clothes and carrying a kavadi, a mount decked with flowers, and tinsel work, on foot for long distances.[28][29]

Various festivals related to Murugan are celebrated in the temples. Vaikasi Visakam marks the birthday of Murugan.[30] Surasamharam commemorates the victory of Murugan over the asura Surapadman.[31] Thaipusam is a major festival celebrated during the Tamil calendar month of Thai.[32] Other festivals include Karthika Deepam,[33] and Panguni Uthiram.[34][35]

References

  1. ^ a b Civaraman, Akila (2006). Kandha Puranam. Giri Trading. p. 55. ISBN 978-8-179-50397-3. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Handelman, Don (2013). One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology. Brill Publishers. p. 31-34. ISBN 978-9-004-25739-9.
  3. ^ a b Clothey, Fred W. (1978). The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. Walter de Gruyter. p. 82. ISBN 978-90-279-7632-1.
  4. ^ a b Vadivella Belle, Carl (2018). Thaipusam in Malaysia. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 178. ISBN 978-9-814-78666-9. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  5. ^ Athyal, Jesudas M. (2015). Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-Clio. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-610-69250-2.
  6. ^ Collins, Marie Elizabeth (1991). Murugan's Lance: Power and Ritual. The Hindu Tamil Festival of Thaipusam in Penang, Malaysia. University of California. p. 141. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b Bhoothalingam, Mathuram (2016). S., Manjula (ed.). Temples of India Myths and Legends. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-8-123-01661-0. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  8. ^ Krishna, Nanditha (2017). Hinduism and Nature. Penguin Random House. p. 185. ISBN 978-9-387-32654-5. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  9. ^ "Arupadaiveedu". The Hindu. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  10. ^ Narayan, M. K. V. (2007). Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism. Fultus Corporation. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-596-82117-0.
  11. ^ "Worship of Murugan". Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  12. ^ Sinha, Kanchan (1979). Kartikeya in Indian art and literature. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 57. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  13. ^ Aiyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1982). South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-470-82958-5.
  14. ^ "Arupadai Veedu". Dinamalar. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Arupadai Veedu". Maalaimalar. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  16. ^ a b "Thirumurugatrupadai composed by Nakkeeran for Muruga". The Hindustan Times (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  17. ^ "Thirupugazh". Kaumaram (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  18. ^ "Subramaniyaswamy Temple, Thiruparankundram". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  19. ^ "Subramaniyaswamy Temple, Tiruchendur". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  20. ^ "Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple, Palani". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  21. ^ "Swaminatha Swamy Temple, Swamimalai". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  22. ^ "Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruttani". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  23. ^ "Solaimalai Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  24. ^ "Tonsure ritual in Hinduism". Rob Putsey. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  25. ^ Clothey, Fred W. (1972). "Pilgrimage Centers in the Tamil Cultus of Murukan". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 40 (1). Oxford University Press: 82. JSTOR 1461919.
  26. ^ "Tonsuring and ear piercing". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  27. ^ Clothey, Fred W. (1972). "Pilgrimage Centers in the Tamil Cultus of Murukan". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 40 (1). Oxford University Press: 82. JSTOR 1461919.
  28. ^ Mohamed, N.P.; A.J., Thomas (2003). "N.P. Mohamed in Conversation with A.J. Thomas". Indian Literature. 47 (1). Sahitya Akademi: 147. JSTOR 23341738.
  29. ^ Hume, Lynne (2020). Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses. Taylor & Francis. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-000-18987-2. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  30. ^ "Vaikasi Visakam celebrated with religious fervour". The Hindu. 12 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  31. ^ "Thousands of devotees witness Soorasamharam". The Hindu. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  32. ^ "Thaipusam festival - Palani". Government of India. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  33. ^ "Lakhs witness Karthigai Deepam". The Hindu. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  34. ^ Chambers, James (1 July 2015). Holiday Symbols & Customs, 5th Ed. Infobase Holdings, Inc. pp. 885–886. ISBN 978-0-7808-1365-6.
  35. ^ "Panguni Uthiram 2025: Why it is the perfect time to strengthen marriage or heal relationship, as per Hindu beliefs". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
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