Alexander Stirling Calder

Alexander Stirling Calder
A. Stirling Calder at work on the Star Maiden (1913). Audrey Munson was the model.
Born(1870-01-11)January 11, 1870
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedJanuary 7, 1945(1945-01-07) (aged 74)
Resting placeWest Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, U.S.
EducationPennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
Académie Julian
École des Beaux-Arts
Known forSculpture
Notable workSamuel Gross Statue
Washington Square Arch
Swann Memorial Fountain
Depew Memorial Fountain
Leif Eriksson Memorial

Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and art teacher. He won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 for his statue of Philip François Renault and led the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition after the death of Karl Bitter. His notable works include the Samuel Gross statue, George Washington on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia, the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, and the Leif Erikson Memorial in Reykjavík, Iceland.

He taught sculpture at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, the Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the National Academy of Design. His father, Alexander Milne Calder, and son Alexander Calder were also sculptors.

Early life and education

Calder was born on January 11, 1870, in Philadelphia,[1] the oldest of six boys,[2] to sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools and enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under Thomas Eakins for several months, until the teacher's forced resignation in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under Thomas Anshutz and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.[3]: 170  He worked from 1889 to 1890 as a demonstrator of anatomy at the academy[4] and graduated in 1890.[5]

His father designed and was then in the midst of executing, the extensive sculpture program for Philadelphia City Hall. Calder worked as an apprentice on the project during the summers, and is reported to have modeled an arm for one of the figures. He made his first trip to Europe in Summer 1889, and returned there to study the following year.[3]: 170 

Calder moved to Paris with Charles Grafly in Fall 1890, and studied at the Académie Julian under Henri Michel Chapu. The following year, he was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts, where he entered the atelier of Alexandre Falguière.[6][3]: 170 

Career

In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for the Samuel Gross statue for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Another early commission was for a set of twelve statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the Witherspoon Building in Philadelphia.[6][3]: 170 

He worked as an instructor in modeling at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1900 to 1906.[6][7] In 1904, he won a silver medal at the World's Fair of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, for his statue of Philip François Renault.[1]

He suffered from tuberculosis and moved to Arizona in 1906 to recover his health. After his health recovered, he moved to Pasadena, California, and his family joined him.[6] In Pasadena, he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the California Institute of Technology). He returned to the east coast in 1910 and settled in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[3]: 171  He taught at the National Academy of Design from 1910 to 1917 and was elected an academician in 1913.[6]

He was placed in charge of the sculpture program for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, California, after the death of Karl Bitter.[1][8] He obtained a studio in New York City and employed the services of model Audrey Munson who posed for him as the model for the Star Maiden statue. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, The Nations of the East and The Nations of the West, which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, The Fountain of Energy. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the Depew Memorial Fountain in Indianapolis, Indiana.[1]

Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Calder were commissioned to create sculptures for the Washington Square Arch in New York City. George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as Washington at War and Washington at Peace.[9]

He sculpted a number of ornamental works for Villa Vizcaya, the James Deering estate outside Miami, Florida.[1] These included the famous Italian Barge (1917–1919), a stone folly in the shape of a boat, projecting into Biscayne Bay.[10]

He taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1918 to 1922.[6]

Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle,[11] and the architectural sculpture program for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.[12]

He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's Pioneer Woman statue competition in 1926–27,[13] which was won by Bryant Baker. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the Berkshire Museum to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.[14]

In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of Leif Eriksson, to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the Icelandic Parliament.[8]

Personal life

Calder married portrait painter Nanette Lederer[15] on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes and Alexander Calder.[3]: 171 

Calder died on January 7, 1945, and was interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.[16]

Legacy

Works from Alexander Stirling Calder will be displayed at a new museum under construction for his son's work in Philadelphia.[17]

Selected works

Title Image Year Location/GPS Coordinates Material Height Notes
Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial[18] 1895–1897 Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°56′53″N 75°09′30″W / 39.94794167°N 75.15820278°W / 39.94794167; -75.15820278 (Dr. Samuel D. Gross Memorial) 		bronze 111 in (280 cm) Posthumous portrait of Dr. Gross, based on Thomas Eakins's 1875 painting.

From 1897 to 1970, the statue stood on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.:
Bust of Major General John F. Hartranft[19] 1898 Smith Memorial Arch,
West Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°58′39″N 75°12′24″W / 39.9775°N 75.206667°W / 39.9775; -75.206667 (Smith Memorial Arch) 		bronze 36 in (91 cm) Gen. Hartranft was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the First Battle of Bull Run.
Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain[20]
(The Scholar and the Football Player) 		1900 Quadrangle Dormitories,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°57′03″N 75°11′50″W / 39.950806°N 75.197306°W / 39.950806; -75.197306 (Quadrangle Dormitories), 		bronze 21 in (53 cm) Located under the arch at the top of the North Steps.
Overmantel frieze: The Boar Hunt c.1900 Keil Hall,
Mercersburg Academy,
Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
39°49′37″N 77°53′57″W / 39.8270°N 77.8991°W / 39.8270; -77.8991 (Boar Hunt) 		carved oak Modeled by Calder, carved by John J. Maene.[21]
Sewell Cross[22]
Major General William Joyce Sewell Monument 		1901 Harleigh Cemetery,
Camden, New Jersey
39°55′26″N 75°05′23″W / 39.923889°N 75.089722°W / 39.923889; -75.089722 (Harleigh Cemetery) 		green granite 20 ft (6.1 m) Modeled by Calder, carved by Leland & Hall Company.

Gen. Sewell was a U.S. Medal of Honor recipient for the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Calder was awarded PAFA's 1905 Walter Lippincott Prize for the Sewell Cross.[3]: 171 
Man Cub: "Sandy" Calder at Age 3 1901–02 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster
(original lost) 		45 in (110 cm) PAFA purchased Calder's plaster original in 1905, and used it to make a 1906 bronze cast.[23]
The plaster was either returned to Calder or lost (by 1941).[3]: 172 
A 1922 bronze cast is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[24]
Sundial[25] 1903–1905 Fairmount Park Horticultural Center,
West Fairmount Park,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°58′59″N 75°12′45″W / 39.983150°N 75.212600°W / 39.983150; -75.212600 (Calder Sundial) 		marble 56.5 in (144 cm) Located in the Sunken Gardens:
Missouri: The Queen of Rivers[26] 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
St. Louis, Missouri 		plaster Calder won a silver medal for his sculpture at the 1904 World's Fair.[3]: 170 
Philip François Renault[27] plaster
Calder Cross[28]
William Hickman Harte Memorial Cross 		c.1905 Chippiannock Cemetery,
Rock Island, Illinois
41°28′54″N 90°34′40″W / 41.481667°N 90.577778°W / 41.481667; -90.577778 (Harte Monument) 		granite 102 in (260 cm) Master William Hickman Harte was a Union naval officer who died in the June
17, 1862 Battle of Saint Charles, following the sinking of the USS Mound City.
Fifty years later, Harte's son located his Arkansas grave, and commissioned
this cenotaph for their home town cemetery.[29]
Henry Charles Lea Monument[30] 1911 Laurel Hill Cemetery,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
40°00′15″N 75°11′25″W / 40.0042°N 75.1902°W / 40.0042; -75.1902 (Henry Charles Lea Monument) 		bronze Henry Charles Lea was a noted historian.
The seated figure is Clio, the Muse of History:
Stretching Girl[31] c.1911 National Academy of Design,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze 36 in (91 cm) Calder's NAD diploma piece, presented following his election as an Academician
in 1913.[32] Robert Henri painted Calder's NAD diploma portrait.[32]

Another bronze cast is at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
in Bentonville, Arkansas.[33]
An American Stoic: Portrait of Najinyankte[34][35] 1912 Rhode Island School of Design Museum,
Providence, Rhode Island 		bronze 28 in (71 cm) A standing Sioux man wrapped in a blanket.
Star Maiden[36] 1913–1915 Oakland Museum,
Oakland, California 		bronze 51 in (130 cm) The Star Maidens were balustrade figures surrounding the Court of the Universe:
Fountain of Energy (destroyed)





1913–1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff "Energy, the Lord of the Isthmian Way, rides grandly upon the earth. His
outstretched arms have severed the lands and let the waters pass. Upon
his mighty shoulders stand Fame and Glory, heralding the coming of a
conqueror. Energy, the Power of the Future, the Superman, approaches."[37]
The globe featured a large reclining female figure with the head of a lioness,
The Eastern Hemisphere, and a large reclining male figure with the head of
a bull, The Western Hemisphere:
4 sculpture groups were clustered around the globe:
The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean, The North Sea, The South Sea
12 Nerieds riding dolphins were spaced around the pool's perimeter:
The Nations of the East[38] (destroyed)

1913–1915 atop The Arch of the Rising Sun,
Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff
The Nations of the West[39] (destroyed)

1913–1915 atop The Arch of the Setting Sun,
Panama–Pacific International Exposition,
San Francisco, California 		staff Crowning figure: Enterprise
Central figure: The Mother of Tomorrow
Depew Memorial Fountain 1915–1917 University Park,
Indianapolis, Indiana
39°46′19″N 86°09′25″W / 39.771944°N 86.156944°W / 39.771944; -86.156944 (Depew Memorial Fountain) 		bronze Crowning figure:
90 in (230 cm) 		Calder completed this commission following sculptor Karl Bitter's 1915 death.

Bitter's 1915 maquette for the fountain:
George Washington as President,
Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice[9] 		1917–18 Washington Square Arch,
Washington Square,
Manhattan, New York City
40°43′52″N 73°59′53″W / 40.73099°N 73.99805°W / 40.73099; -73.99805 (Washington Square Arch) 		marble 12 ft (3.7 m) Sometimes called Washington at Peace.
Hermon Atkins MacNeil modeled Washington at War (1914–16).
The pair flank the north side of the arch.
The Great Stone Barge[40][41]
(Delights and Terrors of the Sea) 		1917–1919 "Villa Vizcaya" (James Deering estate),
Coconut Grove, Florida
25°44′38″N 80°12′37″W / 25.743753°N 80.210232°W / 25.743753; -80.210232 (Italian Barge, Villa Vizcaya) 		limestone Calder's barge sculptures were criticized for being "excessively erotic."[42]

The eroded sculptures were used to cast concrete replicas in 1981.[43]
Garden sculpture
The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan
(Leda and the Swan)[44] 		1918–1921 Denver Art Museum,
Denver, Colorado 		bronze 28 in (71 cm) A 60.25 in (153.0 cm) version is a promised gift to Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.[45]
Swann Memorial Fountain[46]
(Fountain of Three Rivers) 		1920–1924 Logan Circle,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°57′29″N 75°10′15″W / 39.95795°N 75.170819°W / 39.95795; -75.170819 (Swann Memorial Fountain) 		bronze Central figures:
11 ft (3.4 m) 		Wilson Eyre, architect.

The female allegorical figures represent the Schuylkill River and the
Wissahickon Creek.
The male Lenni Lenape figure represents the Delaware River.
Naiad with Tragic Mask[47]
Model for a Fountain 		c.1920 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		painted plaster 16.25 in (41.3 cm) A bronze cast is at the Reading Public Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.[48]
A larger plaster version is at the Montclair Art Museum in Montclair, New Jersey.[49]
Scratching Her Heel[50] 1921 Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Manhattan, New York City 		bronze 12 in (30 cm) Another bronze cast is at the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia.[51]
The Last Dryad[52] 1921 Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster 70.5 in (179 cm) A 1926 bronze cast is at the University of California, Berkeley.
Shakespeare Memorial[53]
(Tragedy and Comedy, Hamlet and the Fool) 		1923–1926 In front of the Free Library of Philadelphia,
Logan Square,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
39°57′34″N 75°10′16″W / 39.9595°N 75.171°W / 39.9595; -75.171 (Shakespeare Memorial) 		bronze 91.5 in (232 cm) Gilbert McIlvaine, architect

Touchstone and Prince Hamlet:

Another bronze cast is at Brookgreen Gardens.[54]
Head of George Bellows[55] 1925 Conner-Rosenkranz Gallery,
Manhattan, New York City 		plaster 14.5 in (37 cm) A bronze cast is at the New York Historical Society.[56]
Our Lady and the Holy Child[57]
(A Study in French Gothic Style) 		1926 St. Mary's of Redford Church,
Detroit, Michigan 		marble 7 ft (2.1 m) Located in a niche behind the High Altar.[58]
Pioneer Woman (Self-Reliant)[59] 1926–27 Woolaroc Museum,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
36°38′32″N 96°05′45″W / 36.642339°N 96.095964°W / 36.642339; -96.095964 (Woolaroc) 		bronze 40 in (100 cm) One of twelve bronze models created by American sculptors for the 1927
Pioneer Woman statue competition. Bryant Baker won the commission.
His heroic-sized Pioneer Woman was dedicated in 1930, in Ponca City, Oklahoma.

Calder received a $10,000 honorarium for his model.[60]
Bust of John James Audubon[61] 1927 Hall of Fame for Great Americans,
Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City
40°51′31″N 73°54′52″W / 40.858611°N 73.914444°W / 40.858611; -73.914444 (Hall of Fame for Great Americans) 		bronze
Leif Eriksson Memorial[62]
1929–1932 Hallgrímskirkja Cathedral,
Reykjavík, Iceland 		bronze 139 in (3.5 m) Gift of the United States commemorating the 1000th anniversary of the
founding of the Althing, Iceland's parliament.

The statue appeared on a U.S. postage stamp and an Icelandic coin.

Calder's plaster model is at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[63]

A bronze cast is at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.[64]

View from the cathedral's tower, looking west to the Atlantic Ocean:
Cruel Nature: Self-Portrait at Age 60[65][66] c.1930 National Portrait Gallery,
Washington, D.C. 		terra cotta 12.5 in (32 cm)
Robert Henri: The Painter-Teacher with the
Gift of Friendship[67][68]
(Posthumous Bust of Robert Henri) 		1934 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 		plaster
(unlocated)[69] 		32 in (81 cm) Calder and Henri (1865–1929) had been friends since 1885, when both were first-year
students at PAFA.[3]: 174 
Calder's widow had a bronze cast made of the bust in 1947, which she donated to PAFA.[3]: 174 
Posthumous Bust of John Singer Sargent[70] c.1934 Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City 		plaster
Introspection c.1935 plaster
Continental Post Rider[71] 1936 William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building,
Washington, D.C. 		aluminum 51.5 in (131 cm)
Bust of William Penn[72] 1936 Hall of Fame for Great Americans,
Bronx Community College,
Bronx, New York City
40°51′31″N 73°54′52″W / 40.858611°N 73.914444°W / 40.858611; -73.914444 (Hall of Fame for Great Americans) 		bronze
Nature's Dance[73][74]
(The Dance of Life) 		1938 Brookgreen Gardens,
Murrells Inlet, South Carolina
33°31′14″N 79°05′59″W / 33.520556°N 79.099722°W / 33.520556; -79.099722 (Brookgreen Gardens) 		Indiana limestone 80 in (200 cm)
Bishop William White[75][76] 1940 Washington Memorial Chapel,
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
40°06′16″N 75°26′17″W / 40.104528°N 75.437944°W / 40.104528; -75.437944 (Washington Memorial Chapel) 		bronze The Right Reverend White was the first bishop of the American Episcopal Church.

Calder's last major commission.
Bust of Winston Churchill[77] 1943 plaster Inscription: "HAVE FAITH, HAVE HOPE, DELIVERANCE IS SURE." JULY 14, 1941.

Architectural sculpture

  • Reverend Marcus Whitman
  • Reverend James Caldwell
  • Reverend Samuel Davies
  • Reverend John McMillan
  • Reverend John Witherspoon
  • Reverend Francis Makemie
  • Throop Polytechnic Institute, c.1910.
  • Oakland Civic Auditorium, c.1917
  • Half-domed frieze
  • Missouri State Capitol, south façade.
  • Missouri State Capitol, north facade.
  • Four figures of famous actresses, marble, I. Miller Building, Broadway and West 46th Street, Manhattan, New York City, 1927–1929:

Medallions

  • Life as a Dance (c.1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City[95]

References

Citations

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  2. ^ Perl 2017, p. 9.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al.
  4. ^ Perl 2017, p. 20.
  5. ^ Perl 2017, p. 19.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Tolles, Thayer (2001). American Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art - Volume II. A Catologue of Artists Born Between 1865 and 1885. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 528. ISBN 0-87099-923-0. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  7. ^ John William Leonard, ed., Men and Things: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries (New York: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1908), p. 374.
  8. ^ a b Perloff, Susie. "Generations of Alexander Calder art a trinity of blessings for Philadelphia". whyy.org. WHYY. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  9. ^ a b "Washington Arch: George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  10. ^ Pressman, Heather; Schulz, Danielle (2021). The Art of Access - A Practical Guide for Museum Accessibility. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 9781538130506. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  11. ^ Baltzell, E. Digby (1996). Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781351495332. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  12. ^ Pezzatti, Alessandro; Hickman, Jane; Fleischman, Alexandra. "A Brief History of the Penn Museum". Penn Museum. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  13. ^ ‘’Exhibition of Models for a Monument to the Pioneer Woman’’ at the Chicago Architectural Exhibition, East Galleries, Art Institute of Chicago, June 25 to August 1, 1927
  14. ^ Salmon, Felix (4 October 2017). "The Lost Masterpieces of Norman Rockwell Country". www.newyorker.com. Conde Nast. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  15. ^ Perl 2017, p. 3.
  16. ^ "Alexander Stirling Calder". remembermyjourney.com. webCemeteries. Retrieved 26 August 2025.
  17. ^ Salisbury, Stephan; Dobrin, Peter (20 February 2020). "Alexander Calder will finally get a prime museum site on the Parkway, across from Barnes and Rodin". www.inquirer.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  18. ^ "Dr. Samuel Gross, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  19. ^ "The Smith Memorial: Major General John Frederick Hartranft, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  20. ^ "A Drinking Fountain, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  21. ^ Anna Margaretta Archambault, A Guide Book of Art, Architecture, and Historic Interest in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1924), p. 250.
  22. ^ "The Sewell Cross, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  23. ^ "Man Cub, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  24. ^ "Alexander Stirling Calder | Man Cub | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  25. ^ "Sundial, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  26. ^ "The Missouri, the Queen of the Rivers, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  27. ^ "Philippe Francois Renault, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  28. ^ "Calder Cross, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  29. ^ Minda Powers-Douglas, Chippiannock Cemetery (Arcadia Publishing, 2010), p. 98.[1]
  30. ^ "Henry Charles Lea Monument, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  31. ^ "Stretching Girl, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  32. ^ a b David B. Dearinger, Paintings & Sculpture at the National Academy of Design, Volume 1: 1826–1925 (Hudson Hills Press, 2004), p. 84.
  33. ^ Stretching Girl, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
  34. ^ "Najinyankte, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  35. ^ An American Stoic, from Bonham's Auction House.
  36. ^ "Star Figure, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  37. ^ Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition: A Photo Survey of the Art of the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company, Publishers, 1921), p. 16.[2]
  38. ^ "The Nations of the East, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  39. ^ "The Nations of the West, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 29 August 2025.
  40. ^ "Stone Barge, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  41. ^ Woodward, Kellie (2009-10-15). "Vizcaya Museum Shop: The Stone Barge, Alexander Stirling Calder, and the Internet". Vizcayamuseumshop.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  42. ^ Perl 2017, p. 14.
  43. ^ "Delights and Terrors of the Sea, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu.com. Smithsonian. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  44. ^ "Leda and the Swan, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  45. ^ The Little Dear with the Tiny Black Swan, from Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
  46. ^ "Swann Memorial Fountain, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 30 August 2025.
  47. ^ Naiad with Tragic Mask, from PAFA.
  48. ^ Naiad with Mask, from Reading Public Museum.
  49. ^ "Naiad with a Mask, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  50. ^ "Alexander Stirling Calder | Scratching Her Heel | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  51. ^ "Scratching Her Heel, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  52. ^ "Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections Object : The Last Dryad". Philamuseum.org. 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  53. ^ "Shakespeare Memorial, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 31 August 2025.
  54. ^ Tragedy and Comedy, from SIRIS.
  55. ^ George Bellows, from SIRIS.
  56. ^ George Wesley Bellows, from SIRIS.
  57. ^ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from SIRIS.
  58. ^ Our Lady and the Holy Child, from Andy Hoxie via Flickr.
  59. ^ Pioneer Woman, from SIRIS.
  60. ^ "Oil Magnate Refuses to Forget Land That Brought Him Wealth: There Were Women Pioneers Too". The Christian Science Monitor. April 6, 1927. p. 5A.
  61. ^ John James Audubon, from SIRIS.
  62. ^ "Reykjavik – Leifur Eiríksson". Vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  63. ^ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
  64. ^ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
  65. ^ Self-mask, from SIRIS.
  66. ^ A. Stirling Calder Self-Portrait, from National Portrait Gallery.
  67. ^ Robert Henri, from PAFA.
  68. ^ Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
  69. ^ Model of Bust of Robert Henri, from SIRIS.
  70. ^ Bust of John Singer Sargent, from SIRIS.
  71. ^ Continental Post Rider, from SIRIS.
  72. ^ William Penn, from SIRIS.
  73. ^ Nature's Dance, from SIRIS.
  74. ^ "Brookgreen Gardens South Carolina Sculpture". Tsos.org. 2003-01-03. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  75. ^ [3] Archived March 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ Right Reverend William White, from SIRIS.
  77. ^ Winston Churchill, from SIRIS.
  78. ^ Witherspoon Building Figures, from SIRIS.
  79. ^ A. Stirling Calder, "The Relationship of Sculpture to Architecture," The American Architect, vol. 68, no. 2346 (8 December 1920), p. 778.
  80. ^ Spandrel figures, from SIRIS.
  81. ^ Oakland Auditorium Panels, from SIRIS.
  82. ^ South Frieze, from SIRIS.
  83. ^ Pediment at Missouri State Capitol, from SIRIS.
  84. ^ Ethel Barrymore as Ophelia, from SIRIS.
  85. ^ Rosa Ponselle as Norma, from SIRIS.
  86. ^ Marilyn Miller as Sunny, from SIRIS.
  87. ^ Mary Pickford as Little Lord Fauntleroy, from SIRIS.
  88. ^ flondo™ (2009-03-26). "Lion's Head Fountain and Pompeian Dancing Satyr | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  89. ^ taurenia (2009-02-18). "Penn Museum Door Lintels | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  90. ^ "The University Of Pennsylvania Museum Of Archaeology and Anthropology | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 2007-09-08. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  91. ^ "Museum Gate and Asia Sculpture | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  92. ^ "Africa Sculpture | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 2007-09-08. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  93. ^ "Image: aaae4.jpg, (800 × 800 px)". philart.net. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
  94. ^ bikehikedive (nugun) [deleted] (2007-09-21). "America Sculpture | Flickr – Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
  95. ^ "The Dance of Life, (sculpture)". siris-artinventories.si.edu. Smithsonian. Retrieved 31 August 2025.

Sources

  • Armstrong, Tom (1976). 200 Years of American Sculpture. Whitney Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87923-185-8.
  • Fairmount Park Art Association, Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone, Walker Publishing Co., Inc, New York. NY 1974
  • Falk, Peter Hastings, ed., Who was Who in American Art, Sound View Press, Madison Connecticut, 1985
  • Gadzinski, Cunningham, Panhorst et al., American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1997
  • Hoeber, Arthur (September 1910). "Calder – A "Various" Sculptor: A Man Of Craftmanship And Brains". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XX: 13377–13388. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  • Opitz, Glenn B ed., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
  • Perl, Jed (2017). Calder: The Conquest of Time - The Early Years: 1898-1940. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307272720.
  • Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968

Further reading

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