A. E. Heath

A. E. Heath
Archie Heath, 1934
Born
Archibald Edward Heath

6 August 1887
Died18 May 1961(1961-05-18) (aged 73)
OccupationsPhilosopher; Professor of Philosophy
EmployerUniversity College, Swansea
OrganizationRationalist Press Association Conway Hall Ethical Society

Archibald Edward Heath (6 August 1887 – 18 May 1961) was Foundation Professor of Philosophy at University College, Swansea, 1925–1952.[1] He is commonly classed as a humanist, though Heath was amongst those non-theists and secularists uncomfortable with the term.[2] Within and beyond philosophy, he had particular interest in, and published on, scientific methodology, and education. He is also classed as an 'educationist',[3][4] (educationalist) and served as a lecturer In education at the Victoria University of Manchester and as a senior lecturer in education at the University of Liverpool before he ever formally taught philosophy.[5]

His appointment of Rush Rhees from 1940, and of R. F. Holland (1950) and Peter Winch (1951), enabled the development under his professorial successor J. R. Jones of the 'Swansea School'.[6] The lasting direct Influence on these (and later) "Swansea Wittgensteinians" was though very much the example and teaching of Rhees who was a friend of Wittgenstein.[7][8] The 'school-building' achievement of Heath, acknowledged by Jones, was the devoted founding and development of the Swansea philosophy department over 27 years to its reputation as a 'nursery for professors' such as Richard Aaron.[9]

Heath was President of the Rationalist Press Association (RPA) from 1949 until he was succeeded in 1955 by Bertrand Russell (under whom Heath had once studied philosophy)[5] who remained in the post for life.[10][11]

He is also noted as the English Editor of The Monist.

Life and career

Early life and education

Archie Heath, as he was known to most and listed in Who's Who, was born on 6 August 1887 in Chesterfield.[12][13] He was the son of Edward Heath of Hasland, Derbyshire. He was educated at Hasland School, Chesterfield Grammar School,[a] and then Nottingham High School before attending Trinity College, Cambridge from 1907.[16][12]

August 1908's The Educational Times records Heath's status at Trinity as a sizar.[17] As the Encyclopædia Britannica. of 1911 explains this means Heath was 'one of a class of students at a college of Cambridge [...] who, being persons of limited means' were 'received for lower fees, and obtained free commons, lodgings or other assistance towards their education during their terms of residence' (though by then the menial duties of “sizars” at Cambridge had long become obsolete).[18] He is recorded as obtaining first class in part one of the Natural Science Tripos in 1909, and being awarded Tripos Part II in the same in 1910 "aegrotat" i.e. he was an awarded an unclassified pass in his B.A.degree in the same on the grounds that illness prevented him from attending final examinations he would have otherwise passed.[19] He was Research Student in Physics under J. J. Thomson, 1910–1912.[20] He was awarded a Lees-Knowles Exhibition in 1911.[21] He was awarded an Arnold Gerstenberg Studentship[b] in 1912,[23] undertaking studies in the Philosophy of Science.[20] He was recognised with the rank of Master of Arts[c] at Cambridge in 1917.[24]

Rowing

Later colleague Glanmor Williams recalls Heath as "an uncommonly short man".[26] This would be the norm for rowing as a 'cox', as he is recorded as doing for Trinity during his student days and beyond (including at the Henley Royal Regatta).[27][28] Indeed, he is pictured doing so in the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News of 25 March 1911.[25] He also wrote (at first pseudonymously) a column Tow-path Topics on the university rowing for the Cambridge Magazine.[29] He is recorded as a member of the Leander Club in 1915.[20] Some years later Heath remarked that his "only athletic distinction consisted in my not being athletic at all. I sat at the end of a long thin boat and said awful things to eight people who were being athletic like anything in front."[30]

Schoolmaster and Liverpool lecturer

He was a temporary teacher at Oundle School, on the staff of Frederick William Sanderson in 1912.[31][20] Though his "time at Oundle was short" Heath wrote that "it was long enough for me to learn the value of [his] method of approach, and to appreciate the new spirit which Sanderson was introducing into school science."[32]

From September 1913, he was science master at Bedales School.[20] One of the students he encouraged there was Robin Hill, who went on to be a plant biochemist.[33][d] Another was Eric M. Rogers whose interest in physics, reports Fuller, was 'nurtured' by the "teacher of small stature, but possessed of a wonderful, eccentric intellect".[35] Frances Partridge of the Bloomsbury Group, another pupil, recalls Heath, with his "his basso profundo voice", "as the master I got on best with".[36] Heath remained at Bedales until 1919.[37] He published whilst there.[38][39] Heath of "The Flat, Steep, Petersfield" is recorded as having being elected to membership of the Aristotelian Society in 1918,[40] and at the society meeting of 17 March 1919 delivered "The Scope of the Scientific Method".[41][42]

He was appointed a Lecturer In Education at the Victoria University of Manchester in 1919. He was elected the same year as a member of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society[43] and read a paper entitled "The disinterested character of Science in view of certain of its working maxims" there the next year.[44][45] Before he left Manchester, he was also accepted as a member of the British Psychological Society.[46]

He then served as a Senior Lecturer at the University of Liverpool, from 1921 to 1925.[16] Mayer records that by 1921 Heath was "giving systematic instruction" in the history of science.[47] Whilst there he also served as an educational adviser to the governor of the local prison.[48]

Professor of Philosophy

in 1925 Heath became the first Foundation Professor of Philosophy at the newly established University College, Swansea.[33] Dykes notes his "special interest in the philosophy of science" but says that "his sweep was wide and embraced contemporary movements in art and literature" and he credits him with "the breaking of barriers in the early college between science and the arts".[5]

Lectures outside Swansea

Dykes notes that he was 'much in demand as an extra-mural lecturer'.[5]

In September 1926 Heath participated at the Sixth International Congress of Philosophy at Cambridge, Massachusetts (the first such congress to be held in America. and the first since the war) presenting, at an open session, part of his paper on "The notion of intelligibility in scientific thought" that was published in full the next year.[49][50][51]

In 1928 Heath gave lectures to the British Social Hygiene Council, Summer School, at Cambridge University, the last of which attracted the attention of the New York Times[e] and the headline "WOULD TEACH LOVE-MAKING".[53] Heath is quoted therein thus:

We should not dare to play a violin at a concert without knowing something about it, and yet we do not seem to think it necessary to learn this important art of love-making. There would be more hope for the race if the art could be made to appeal to younger folk on esthetic rather than on moral grounds. [..] if you could once get rid of that horrible mixture of fascination and fear about sex and other subjects so that they would be easier to talk about, then a great many of our difficulties would simply disappear.

On 19 October 1930 the same paper would quote from another lecture by Heath before the same council that refers to the 'soundness' of being able to laugh about sex.[54] The same talk would also attract the attention of the Sheffield Independent and the headline "PROFESSOR SPEAKS OF LOVE".[55]

In 1929 he was recorded as being a member of the Mind Association. the British Institute of Philosophical Studies. and of the British Institute of Adult Education on the Executive and Research Committees[12] (and by 1934 as vice-chairman of the latter).[21] During 1929 itself he attended, and addressed, the World Conference on Adult Education at Cambridge, England.[56]

He was also an invited speaker at the second International Congress for the History of Science and Technology, in London in 1931.[57][58][59] Mayer (2005) describes Heath and fellow participant F. H. (Frank) Hayward, along with Frank Sherwood Taylor, as contemporaries of Joseph Needham "in his desires to integrate intellectual, technological and spiritual progress".[60] Mayer (2002) also identifies him as "an education journalist for the radical magazine Science progress and one of the editors of the Journal for adult education."[61]: 446–447 

The first RPA conference, on ‘Rationalism in Education and Life’, was held at Wadham College, Oxford in August 1945 with a collection of papers read being published the next year.[62] Heath spoke on "Science and Cultural Values" at the inaugural event, with papers on "The Idea of Progress" (1947), "Man in the Round" (1951) and "The Idea of Evolution" (1954) being read at subsequent meetings.[63]: 328–330 

Heath as a recruiter

With the departure of his colleagues (and appointees) W. B. GallIe and Karl Britton for war service,[f] Heath directly recruited Rush Rhees to work alongside him from 1940. Initially this was as a temporary assistant lecturer but Heath managed to secure him a permanent position.[65]: 224–225  Rhees was a friend and disciple of Wittgenstein.[66] Through his appointment of Rhees, and, shortly before his own retirement, of R. F. Holland and Peter Winch, Heath put in place the personalities that would later become known as the ;Swansea School' under hs successor J. R. Jones.[67] D.Z. Phillips, notes that Heath “had an eye for philosophical talent” – his previous appointments having included (as well as the above) R. I. Aaron, H. B. Acton and A. C. Ewing.[68][g]

Heath's recruitment of philosophical talent was however, at least prior to World War II, constrained by the biases of the administration of the day – he had to inform Susan Stebbing that "he could not persuade the Council to contemplate appointing a woman" in the case of Helen Knight, on which grounds, as she reports, Margaret MacDonald did not apply for an opening.[70] Heath himself is known to have been supportive of female students. His Belanes pupil Frances Partridge records being "grateful to him because when I decided to go to Cambridge he coached me in Logic [...] and succeeded in giving me some taste for abstract ideas."[36] He also tried (unsuccessfully) to convince Swansea student Marian Phillips (1916-2013) to stay on for a fourth year as an undergraduate to gain double honours in Philosophy rather than immediately pursue historical research after graduating in 1935, even travelling "up to Cwmtwrch to argue the case with her father".[71] Like Rhees after her. Phillips, would find entry into academic employment at Swansea through staff leaving for war work – in October 1939 she was offered a temporary assistant lectureship to cover the teaching responsibilities of historian Glyn Roberts, the first Swansea staff member to leave for such duty.[71]

Thinker's Library and retirement

Heath wrote the introduction to the 1948 Thinker's Library edition of the late Stebbing's Ideals and Illusions [1941]. He described Stebbing as someone who had "scared academic persons because she not only professed rationality but also lived it. She made criticism an act of grace."[72] He had participated in at least two symposiums with her before her early death in 1943.[73][74] Stebbing had also been one of the philosophers listed as an Honorary Associate of the RPA, and had contributed a 'withering' review of Cyril Joad’s God and Evil (1942) to its Literary Guide.[63]: 240  As Heath noted, "she was no respecter of persons, eminent or otherwise, when they talked pretentious nonsense."[72]

He also wrote the introduction to a 1950 edition of The Man versus The State by Herbert Spencer within the same series.[75][76] The year before, he had written the introduction to Philosophy for Pleasure (1949) by fellow humanst Hector Hawton (also published by Watts & Co).[77][78]

Heath retired from his professorship as emeritus in 1952, to be succeeded by John Robert Jones who, very much unlike his predecessor, was "an intensely serious Christian".[26]

Personality

Heath was remembered as a philosophy professor as "a man of wide cultural interests who tried to broaden the horizons of his students"– to which end he lent his philosophy student Marian Phillips "a copy of James Joyce's then-banned book, Ulysses, wrapped up in brown paper to look like a text book, so that she could read it on the bus".[71] Dykes describes him as "revered" by students but disliked by many of his colleagues and "prickly, prejudiced and downright to the point of rudeness."[5] Frances Partridge recalls, as a Belandes pupil, that he had "a furious temper when roused" by the boys.[36] Swansea colleague Glanmor Williams recalls Heath as man of "acerbic of wit and tongue" and as "rationalist who delighted in deliberately saying outrageous things to shock the many ministerial students he had in his classes."[26]

Humanism

Heath was the editor of Scientific Thought in the Twentieth Century, published in 1951. This contained contributions from high-profile thinkers including A. J. Ayer, Ronald Fisher, Peter Medawar, and Sir Harold Spencer Jones. Albert Einstein, wrote to the Rationalist Press Association's Board of Directors congratulating them on the volume.[63]: 138  It was reviewed within the RPA's own Literary Guide by A. E. Trueman[79] who had been Head of the Department of Geology at Swansea (1920–1933).[80]

Heath was a Director of the Rationalist Press Association 1946 to 1958; its President from 1949 to 1954, and Vice President from 1955 until his death.[81] Though often classed as a humanist, he was amongst those non-theists and secularists who were uncomfortable with the term.[2] According to Lutgendorff, in 1946, at a World Union of Freethinkers conference which addressed “The Challenges of Humanism", Heath was of the opinion 'that “a philosophy of rationalist humanism” still had to be written'.[82] Asked the next year about rationalism, the term he preferred for his own strand of non-religious thinking and activism, he spoke in terms of what it cannot do, writing that it “cannot give us the glittering prizes of final certitude, which resplendent dogmatisms hold out for our attention. Nor can it provide us with the assurances and comfort of intellectual safety.”[83]

Heath placed great importance on the role of reflection. In the accompanying pamphlet for his 1931 BBC Radio series ‘Thinking Ahead – The Place of Reflection in Civilization,’he placed reflection at the centre of philosophy and of the human condition, arguing that “reflection is man's chief glory”.[84] Humans, according to Heath, “make deliberate use of past experience in present acts” and it is reflection that distinguishes humans from other animals.

Death

Heath died on 18 May 1961.[16][85]

Heath's funeral was conducted at Swansea by H. J. Blackham, who quoted Heath's words during the humanist ceremony: "The study of human beings, in all their complex doings between a sleep and a sleep, is an endless source of interest and puzzlement."[81]

Blackman also commented om Heath's career long role as a teacher, saying,

"For him, as for Plato, philosophy was naturally linked with education, not by any logical or academic connection, but because they belonged together in him. He was an educator because he liked teaching and had something to teach... Certainly he left his mark upon the minds and fortunes of countless pupils and students at Oundle and Bedales, in Manchester and Liverpool, and for longer than a quarter of a century here in Swansea.” [86]

Selected publications

  • 1927 How we behave,.Workers' Educational Association Outlines. London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd. 1927. Pp. vi + 90[h]
    • 1929 (2nd impression)
  • 1931: Thinking Ahead: The Place of Reflection in Civilisation London: BBC
  • 1936: (with W. E. Williams) Learn and live; London: Methuen.[90][91][92]
  • 1951: (ed.) Scientific thought in the twentieth century. An authoritative account of fifty year's progress in science London: Watts

Notes

  1. ^ The school magazine, The Cestrefeldian, which describes Heath as "a native of Chesterfield" (as well as an 'Old Boy') reports that he was "the writer of the words of the School Song", records that he returned to present the school prizes in 1934, and address the audience. He "said that people cannot attain success in several directions, and told of his own little failures. He pointed out that what matters is not petty success, but doing what one can, as well as one can."[14][15]
  2. ^ Isidor Gerstenberg (1821-1876) established the Arnold Gerstenberg Studentship at Cambridge University in 1892 in memory of her brother, a student of Trinity College, who had committed suicide in 1877 at the age of 23.[22]
  3. ^ Unusually, the 'Cambridge M.A.' does not denote the completion of further formal study and academic award but is given as a mark of seniority if successfully applied for 3 or 4 years after B.A. completion.
  4. ^ Heath encouraged Hill to take an interest in natural dyes and in astronomy, and his first published paper (1917) was on sunspots. Robin attributed his success in the scholarship examination for Emmanuel College to Heath’s coaching. Heath also recommended Robin to meteorologist C.J.P. Cave who was an important later influence.[34]
  5. ^ And for somewhat different reasons, The Electrical Review, a journal for electrical engineers.[52]
  6. ^ "In 1940 Rhees answered an emergency call from Swansea. Professor A.E. Heath's colleagues W.B. GALLIE and Karl BRITTON had departed on war service."[64]
  7. ^ Ewing would later recall his "shock" on moving on to Cambridge in 1931 to find the influence of Wittgenstein dominant there, reporting that "the reaction his philosophy provoked in me was one of sharp antagonism".[69]
  8. ^ Public Domain Reviews:[87][88][89]

References

  1. ^ Kremer, Michael; Misak, Cheryl (19 August 2025), "Macdonald's Letters to Max Black", Margaret Macdonald and Analytic Philosophy in the 1930s (1 ed.), Oxford University PressOxford, p. 120, doi:10.1093/9780191987557.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-198755-7, retrieved 16 November 2025
  2. ^ a b Walter, Nicolas (5 October 2010). Humanism: Finding Meaning in the Word. Prometheus Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-61592-836-1. Heath [...] said in his Rationalist Review column, "I am not entirely happy about the current fashion of substituting the word humanism for rationalism" (Literary Guide, October 1955), and again, "I am still, unrepentantly, of the opinion that Humanism, in spite of or because of its great historical connotations, is not really a happy term" (January 1956).
  3. ^ Mayer 1997, p. 54.
  4. ^ Mayer 2002, p. 447.
  5. ^ a b c d e Dykes, D. W. (1992). The University College of Swansea : an illustrated history. Internet Archive. Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Wolfeboro Falls, NH : A. Sutton. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-86299-904-9.
  6. ^ Anon (18 August 2006). "D. Z. Phillips". The Times. Retrieved 17 November 2025. J. R. Jones, Rush Rhees, R. F. Holland and Peter Winch — were known as the Swansea School
  7. ^ Gaita, Raimond (July 2013). "Professor R. F. Holland, 1923–2013". Philosophical Investigations. 36 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1111/phin.12028. ISSN 0190-0536.
  8. ^ Phillips, D. Z. (3 July 1997). "Introduction". Rush Rhees on Religion and Philosophy. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-56410-6.
  9. ^ Jones, J. R. (1953) "Religion as True Myth" Inaugural Lecture of the Professor of Philosophy pp. 3–4
  10. ^ Walter, Nicolas (1991). "Humanist Heritage: A Century of Reason: Part 2". Humanist Heritage. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  11. ^ "News and Notes". Rationalist Review. Vol. 1, no. 9. December 1954. p. v.
  12. ^ a b c Psychological Register. 1929. pp. 32–33.
  13. ^ "1939 Register". www.findmypast.co.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  14. ^ Extracts from The Cestrefeldian (1930 to !945)
  15. ^ The Cestrefeldian. Vol. XXVI1., No. 1. December, 1934, pp. 7–8
  16. ^ a b c Who was who. Vol. 6, 1961-1970: a companion to 'Who's who' containing the biographies of those who died during the decade 1961-1970. London : A. & C. Black. 1972. pp. 512 – via Internet Archive.
  17. ^ The Educational Times and Journal of the College of Preceptors (1908). The Educational Times and Journal of the College of Preceptors. The UCL Institute of Education. Francis Hodgson, London. pp. 328.
  18. ^ "Sizar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 165.
  19. ^ Cambridge, University of (1917). Historical Register of the University of Cambridge, to the Year 1910. pp. 797, 801.
  20. ^ a b c d e The Schoolmasters' Yearbook & Educational Directory: Reference Book of Secondary and University Education in England and Wales. Year Book Press. 1915. p. 649.
  21. ^ a b Who's Who 1934. 1934. pp. 1505–1506.
  22. ^ Behr, Alexander (1951). "Isidor Gerstenberg (1821-1876): Founder of the Council of Foreign Bondholders". Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England). 17: 207–213. ISSN 2047-2331. JSTOR 29777902.
  23. ^ "University Intelligence" The Standard, 23 October 1912 p.9 "The Arnold Gerstenberg Studentship in Philosophy, for promoting the study of moral philosophy and metaphysics among students of natural science, both men and women, has been awarded to Archie Edward Heath B.A., late scholar of Trinity College and formerly of Nottingham." also: The Cambridge Magazine 26 October 1912. p.25.
  24. ^ Cambridge, University of (1917). Cambridge University Reporter. p. 953.
  25. ^ a b Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic News. George S. Maddick. 1911. p. 143.
  26. ^ a b c Williams, Glanmor (2002). Glanmor Williams : a life. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-7083-1745-7.
  27. ^ "Trinity College Boat Club bump supper menu - archives.trin.cam.ac.uk". archives.trin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2025.
  28. ^ Cook, Theodore Andrea (1919). Henley Races: With Details of Regattos from 1903 to 1914 Inclusive and a Complete Index of Competitors and Crews Since 1839. Oxford University Press; H. Milford. p. 232.
  29. ^ The Cambridge Magazine. 1912.
  30. ^ "The R.P.A. Dinner and Reunion". The Literary Guide and Rationalist Review. Vol. 66 Iss 7. RATIONALIST ASSOCIATION. July 1951. p. 120 – via Internet Archive. My only athletic distinction consisted in my not being athletic at all. I sat at the end of a long thin boat and said awful things to eight people who were being athletic like anything in front. That is why I can wear a salmon pink Leander tie, which I do not often do in public because little boys call out, 'Who killed Cock Robin?'
  31. ^ Findlay, Joseph John (1927). The Foundations of Education: The practice of education. Vol. II. University of London Press. p. 251.
  32. ^ Heath, A. E. (1922). "Sanderson of Oundle and the ideal of science as service". Friends' Quarterly Examiner. British Periodicals, Limited. pp. 321–327 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ a b Mabberley, D. J. (2004). "Hill, Robert [Robin] (1899–1991), plant biochemist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49777. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 1 December 2022. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  34. ^ Bendall, D. S. (January 1997). "Robert Hill, 2 April 1899 - 15 March 1991". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 40: 144–145. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1994.0033.
  35. ^ Fuller, Keith (1994). "Eric Rogers 1902-1990". In Jennison, Brenda; Ogborn, Jon (eds.). Wonder and Delight: Essays in Science Education. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics. p. 203. ISBN 0-7503-0315-8. Eric Rogers' interest in physics was nurtured by Archie Heath, a Bedales teacher of small stature, but possessed of a wonderful, eccentric intellect,..
  36. ^ a b c Partridge, Frances (25 March 2014). Love in Bloomsbury. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-85773-444-0.
  37. ^ The Schoolmasters' Yearbook & Educational Directory: Reference Book of Secondary and University Education in England and Wales. Year Book Press. 1922. p. 5.
  38. ^ Heath, A. E. (March 1916). "Ground Rainbows". Nature. 97 (2418): 5–6. Bibcode:1916Natur..97....5H. doi:10.1038/097005c0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  39. ^ Heath, A. E. (1917). "The Geometrical Analysis of Grassmann and Its Connection with Leibniz's Characteristic". The Monist. 27 (1): 36–56. doi:10.5840/monist19172716. ISSN 0026-9662. JSTOR 27900623.
  40. ^ "Back Matter". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 18: 649–8. 1918. ISSN 0066-7374. JSTOR 4543962.
  41. ^ "Notes and News". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 16 (10): 280. 1 January 1919. in which he said that though the scientist makes a conscious effort to avoid anthropocentric bias in his treatment of any field, this does not mean that he is confined to non-human fields. Ethical neutrality of method does not imply limitation to an ethically neutral subject-matter. Consequently it is held that the scientific method can be applied to any domain of experience.
  42. ^ Heath, A. E. (1919). "The Scope of the Scientific Method". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 19: 179–207. doi:10.1093/aristotelian/19.1.179. ISSN 0066-7374. JSTOR 4543970 – via Internet Archive.
  43. ^ Society, Manchester Literary and Philosophical (1921). Memoirs and Proceedings Of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society. (Manchester Memoirs). Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. pp. ix.
  44. ^ Lockyer, Sir Norman (1921). Nature. Macmillan Journals Limited. pp. 555. The object of this paper was to show that Mach's "principle of economy" and Occam's "principle of parsimony" are not-as would appear on the surface-contradictory It was contended that the sciences are synthetic, and consist in the setting up of conceptual constructions for the complete description of the fields of primary fact in each science. When alternative conceptun constructions are possible Mach's principle is use to decide between the alternatives. But the constant reference back to the field of primary fact removes from its use any menace to the disinterested character of science. Occam's principle, however, is a maxim applicable only to a process opposite in direction to the synthetic advance of the sciences, namely, the analysis of the field of primary fact itself. It is therefore, not contradictory, but complementary, the principle of economy.
  45. ^ Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1920). "PROCEEDINGS. [November 16th, 1920.". Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society 1919–1920. Smithsonian Libraries. Manchester : The Society.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  46. ^ The British Journal of Psychology: General section. Cambridge University Press. 1923. p. 123.
  47. ^ Mayer, Anna-Katherina (1997). "Moralizing Science: The Uses of Science's Past in National Education in the 1920s". The British Journal for the History of Science. 30 (1): 51–70. doi:10.1017/S0007087496002890. ISSN 0007-0874. JSTOR 4027900. PMID 11618884.
  48. ^ Commission, Great Britain Prison (July 1921). Report of the Commissioners of Prisons and the Directors of Convict Prisons. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 74.
  49. ^ Friess, Horace L. (1926). "The Sixth International Congress of Philosophy". The Journal of Philosophy. 23 (23): 617, 629. doi:10.5840/jphil1926232347. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2014519. It was [...] unfortunate that Professor A. E. Heath felt himself constrained in the interest of brevity to omit part of his paper on "The notion of intelligibility in scientific thought." In the part read, Professor Heath confined himself to a discussion of what all writers on the subject take to be the nucleus of "intelligibility," namely, the demand that the world conform to a logical structure.Analyzing this demand into general and special elements, he approximated a line of thought taken by C. D. Broad
  50. ^ Heath, A. E. (1927). "The Notion of Intelligibility in Scientific Thought". Proceedings of the sixth international congress of philosophy : Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, September 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1926. New York : Longmans, Green. pp. 332–338. ISBN 978-1-63435-007-5 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  51. ^ Heath, A. E. (1927). "The Notion of Intelligibility in Scientific Thought". The Monist. 37 (2): 199–206. doi:10.5840/monist19273726. ISSN 0026-9662. JSTOR 27901108.
  52. ^ The Electrical Review. Electrical review, Limited. 10 August 1928. p. 244. Addressing the Summer School of the British Social Hygiene Council at Cambridge recently, Prof. A. E. Heath, Professor of Philosophy at University College, Swansea, dealt with electrical apparatus which had been used as an experiment to teach a boy to write. He once had a pupil, he said, who was particularly bright in conversation, but absolutely hopeless at school work. They found that the difficulty simply was that he could not write; he held his pen so tightly and pushed so hard that he was tired out almost at the end of a line. Το cure that the boy was given special lessons with an electrical device, using a steel pen, so that he got a shock on the back of the neck every time he pressed too hard. The boy had to form letters between two lines on cardboard. The electrical connection was so constructed that when the steel pen touched the line there was a buzzing sound, and when it went over too far, a bell rang. Thus the boy was able to develop muscular control and form the letters easily. According to The Times, in a statement after the lecture, Prof. Heath said that the experiment took place at a Hampshire school. In this particular case it was successful. The boy afterwards went to Cambridge and did very well.
  53. ^ "WOULD TEACH LOVE-MAKING; British Authority Wants Ovid's "Ars Amoris" Modernized". New York Times. 19 August 1928. p. 36. Retrieved 18 November 2025.
  54. ^ "THEY SAY; [...] Professor of Philosophy, University of Wales, In a lecture before the British Social Hygiene Council [...]". The New York Times. 19 October 1930. p. 134. Retrieved 20 November 2025. I think it is a very sound thing in our time that we can laugh, for example, at sex. By looking at things with a slightly humorous twist we are not likely to be bamboozled by high-sounding phrases. Laughter is one of the means by which what is being controlled is suddenly released. You do not laugh about a beefsteak, but you do laugh about sex, because the one is not considered improper and the other is. The release of laughter is the release of a tension of control.
  55. ^ Anon. (28 August 1930). "PROFESSOR SPEAKS OF LOVE". Sheffield Independent. National World Publishing Ltd. p. 4 – via The British Newspaper Archive. HEATH [...] confessed [...] that he used to read "Deadwood Dick" [..] that he found American ice-cream very good, and he also had a few words to say about love. He said. "Married love is not the dull thing that the moralists so often insist on, but a series of adventures. I have not ceased making discoveries about. my partner nor, apparently, has she about me. It is because if there is real intimacy there are a lot of discoveries that you may like—but are more likely to dislike."
  56. ^ Milam, Carl H. (1929). "An Interesting Conference". Bulletin of the American Library Association. 23 (10): 435–437. ISSN 0364-4049. JSTOR 25687089. A. E. Heath of Wales, speaking on the production of special textbooks at this session, gave one of the best addresses of the Conference. It was really an address on the philosophy of adult education. He is the author of an essay on 'The philosophy of adult education' in Bulletin 28 of the World Association for Adult Education. [...] he comes to America every two or three years
  57. ^ Adams, W. (1931). "The International Congress of the History of Science and Technology". History. 16 (63): 209–210. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1931.tb00020.x. ISSN 0018-2648. JSTOR 24400524. Professor A. E. Heath of University College, Swansea, spoke from experience of the value of date-charts and time-lines. These [...] disclose relationships that would be obscured by other methods of approach; in a date chart that he had made for quite other purposes "it is possible, for instance, to see at a glance that the seventeenth century was not merely the age of mechanics in its narrow sense ; that characteristic is reflected also in other branches of human activity [...] The whole thing hangs together.
  58. ^ "Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology". Nature. 127 (3214): 873–874. 6 June 1931. Bibcode:1931Natur.127R.873.. doi:10.1038/127873b0. ISSN 0028-0836. vexed problems in scientific method will occupy the attention of members [...] The first discussion will have as its general theme, 'The Sciences as an Integral Part of General Historical Study' [...] Among those who will take part are Profs. A. V. Hill and A. E. Heath
  59. ^ Greenwood, Thomas (11 July 1931). "The International Congress of the History of Science and Technology". Nature. 128 (3219): 77–79. Bibcode:1931Natur.128...77G. doi:10.1038/128077a0. ISSN 0028-0836. The second section of the Congress, [...] discussed the important problem of "The Teaching of the History of Science" [...] Going into the heart of the debate, Prof. A. E. Heath (Swansea) tried to show that our social and cultural disharmonies are largely due to our failure to acclimatise ourselves to modern cosmologies; and proposed, as a solution of this difficulty, the creation of a scientific history more in accord with the facts of the modern world.
  60. ^ Mayer, Anna-K. (2005). "When Things Don't Talk: Knowledge and Belief in the Inter-War Humanism of Charles Singer (1876-1960)". The British Journal for the History of Science. 38 (3): 347. doi:10.1017/S0007087405007004. ISSN 0007-0874. JSTOR 4028673. PMID 16240547.
  61. ^ Mayer, A. K. (1 December 2002). "Fatal Mutilations: Educationism and the British Background to the 1931 International Congress for the History of Science and Technology". History of Science. 40 (4): 445–472. doi:10.1177/007327530204000404. ISSN 0073-2753.
  62. ^ "Rationalism in Education and Life". Nature. 158 (4017): 570. October 1946. Bibcode:1946Natur.158Q.570.. doi:10.1038/158570b0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  63. ^ a b c Cooke, Bill (2004). The gathering of infidels : a hundred years of the Rationalist Press Association. Internet Archive. Amherst, N.Y. : Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-196-4.
  64. ^ Brown, Stuart C.; Bredin, Hugh, eds. (2005). The dictionary of twentieth-century British philosophers. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84371-096-7.
  65. ^ Von Der Ruhr, Mario (31 December 2009), Edelman, John (ed.), "Chapter 9. Rhees, Wittgenstein, and the Swansea School", Sense and Reality, De Gruyter, pp. 219–235, doi:10.1515/9783110328813.219, ISBN 978-3-11-032881-3, retrieved 26 November 2025
  66. ^ Phillips, D. Z. (23 September 2004). "Rhees, Rush (1905–1989), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65652. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  67. ^ "Winch, Peter Guy (1926–1997), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65661. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 1 December 2022. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  68. ^ Phillips, D. Z. (23 September 2004). "Winch, Peter (1926–1997), philosopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65652. Retrieved 15 June 2023. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  69. ^ Ewing, A. C. (1953). "The Necessity of Metaphysics". In Lewis, H. D. (ed.). Contemporary British Philosophy: Personal Statements Third Series (1 ed.). Allen & Unwin. p. 144. doi:10.4324/9781315830575. ISBN 9781315-830575 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  70. ^ Kremer, Michael; Misak, Cheryl (19 August 2025), "Margaret Macdonald", Margaret Macdonald and Analytic Philosophy in the 1930s (1 ed.), Oxford University PressOxford, p. 18, doi:10.1093/9780191987557.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-198755-7, retrieved 16 November 2025, Duncan-Jones encouraged her to apply for a position at Swansea that had been advertised, but Macdonald replied on 26 June: 'I am not applying for Swansea. Heath told Stebbing that he could not persuade the Council to contemplate appointing a woman when Mrs. Knight applied before and the position does not seem to have altered.'
  71. ^ a b c Mair Barker, Eirlys; Jones, Philip Henry. "Marian Phillips (1916-2013) – Peacetime student and wartime lecturer". Swansea University Centenary 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2025.
  72. ^ a b Stebbing, L. Susan (1948) [1941]. "Introduction to the Thinker's Library Edition". Ideals And Illusions. London: Watts & Co. (publishing firm). pp. iii–v.
  73. ^ Russell, L. J.; Stebbing, L. S.; Heath, A. E. (1928). "Symposium: Materialism in the Light of Modern Scientific Thought". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes. 8: 99–142. doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/8.1.99. ISSN 0309-7013. JSTOR 4106465.
  74. ^ Stebbing, L. S.; Russell, L. J.; Heath, A. E. (1934). "Symposium: Communication and Verification". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes. 13: 159–202. doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/13.1.159. ISSN 0309-7013. JSTOR 4106500.
  75. ^ Spencer, Herbert (1950). The Man Versus the State. [Introd. by Prof. A. E. Heath. Watts & Company.
  76. ^ Crick, Bernard (1955). "The Strange Quest for An American Conservatism". The Review of Politics. 17 (3): 359–376. doi:10.1017/S0034670500014273. ISSN 0034-6705. JSTOR 1404798. Recent editions of Man versus the State by Albert J. Nock and by Professor A. E. Heath (1950) show the perennial popularity of Spencer with American "Conservatives". Spencer himself, of course, right from the 1860's reached a far wider audience and was far more published in the United States than in Great Britain
  77. ^ Duncan-Jones, Austin (1950). "VII.—NEW BOOKS". Mind. LIX (235): 418. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.235.418. ISSN 0026-4423.
  78. ^ Hawton Hector (1949). Philosophy for Pleasure. Watts and Co., London – via Internet Archive.
  79. ^ Trueman, A. E. (June 1951). "Progress in scientific thought". The Literary Guide and Rationalist Review. 66 (6): 119–120.
  80. ^ "1933-1937: Arthur E. Trueman – Alumni of the School of Earth Sciences". earthalumni.blogs.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2025.
  81. ^ a b "Humanist Front". The Humanist. July 1961. p. 223.
  82. ^ Lutgendorff, Elizabeth Ann (2018). Slaughtering sacred cows: rebutting the narrative of decline in the British secular movement from the 1890s to 1930s (PDF) (Thesis). Oxford Brookes University. p. 52. cite given: A. E. Heath, “Groundwork for a Humanist Philosophy,” The Challenge of Humanism: Report of a Public Conference in London, World Union of Freethinkers, April 30th – May 5th, 1946.
  83. ^ Cooke, Bill (2007). "Rationalism". In Flynn, Tom (ed.). The new encyclopedia of unbelief. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books. p. 629. ISBN 978-1-59102-391-3.
  84. ^ Hall, Chris (26 May 2025). "Exploring Models Of Reflective Practice To Aid The Understanding Of Pilgrimage Experience". International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. 13 (1): 109–118. doi:10.21427/76tg-xe92. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
  85. ^ "England & Wales Government Probate Death Index 1858-2019". www.findmypast.co.uk. 1962. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  86. ^ Swansea Evening Post, May 19th 1961
  87. ^ The British Journal of Psychology v.19. Cambridge University Press. 1929. p. 338. an unusually illuminating introduction to psychological study. His attempt is, rightly, not to provide a mass of detail, but to set his readers "on the way to thinking of these problems for themselves, to the end that they may look with more questioning and more understanding eves at their own and other people's behaviour." In this attempt he notably succeeds. [...]. The general point of view seems to be influenced mainly by Ward, .McDougall, Freud and, here and there, by Rivers. As a book to set a thoughtful man problems of the utmost interest., and give him some of the tools for solving them, this could hardly be bettered.
  88. ^ FIELD, G. C. [Review] "How we Behave: an Introduction to Psychology." Nature 121, 88 (1928). doi:10.1038/121088b0 p.88
  89. ^ Fernberger, S. W. (January 1929). "Review of How We Behave". Psychological Bulletin. 26 (1): 51. doi:10.1037/h0064788. ISSN 1939-1455. This little volume, written for the Workers' Educational Association, is written in simple form. After discussing the field of scientific psychology the author seems to believe that the psychologist studies the "mental aspect of the organism." After finding Watsonian behaviorism an untenable position, the author discusses tropistic, reflex and instinctive behavior and plasticity at the higher levels. The little historical sketch,—which quotes only Aristotle, Descartes, Ward and McDougall indicates the philosophical nature of the discussion. The book closes with a discussion of personality; its innate background, the acquired portions consisting of skills and affective habits or sentiments. The chapter on the integration and disintegration of personality has strong psychoanalytic leanings. The reviewer would hardly recommend it as a first approach to psychology and, for anything else, it has little value.
  90. ^ Fihe, Pauline J. (1937). "Review of Learn and Live. The Consumer's View of Adult Education". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 7 (3): 453–454. doi:10.1086/614098. ISSN 0024-2519. JSTOR 4302390.
  91. ^ Benjamin, Harold (1937). "A Report of Interest [Review of Learn to Live: The Consumer's View of Adult Education, by W. E. Williams & A. E. Heath]". The Journal of Higher Education. 8 (2): 114–115. JSTOR 1974573.
  92. ^ Fausset, Hugh I’A. (1937). "WHAT DO MEN WANT TO LEARN?". The Aryan Path, Vol.8, January-December, 1937.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.