2025–26 Olympique de Marseille season
| 2025–26 season | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| President | Pablo Longoria | |||
| Head coach | Roberto De Zerbi | |||
| Stadium | Stade Vélodrome | |||
| Ligue 1 | 3rd | |||
| Coupe de France | Round of 32 | |||
| Trophée des Champions | Final | |||
| UEFA Champions League | League phase | |||
| Top goalscorer | League: Mason Greenwood (11) All: Mason Greenwood (15) | |||
|
| ||||
The 2025–26 season is the 120th season in the history of Olympique de Marseille, and the club's 30th consecutive season in the French top flight. The club is participating in Ligue 1, the Coupe de France, the Trophée des Champions and the UEFA Champions League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2025 to 30 June 2026.
Players
First-team squad
- As of 12 September 2025[1]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
|
|
Transfers
In
| No. | Pos. | Player | Transferred from | Fee | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | DF | CJ Egan-Riley | Burnley | Free | 1 July 2025 | [2] |
| 8 | MF | Angel Gomes | Lille | Free | 1 July 2025 | [3] |
| 23 | MF | Pierre-Emile Højbjerg | Tottenham Hotspur | €20M[a] | 1 July 2025 | [4][5] |
| 7 | FW | Neal Maupay | Everton | €6.8M[a] | 1 July 2025 | [6] |
| 17 | FW | Jonathan Rowe | Norwich City | €15M[a] | 1 July 2025 | [7] |
| 32 | DF | Facundo Medina | Lens | Loan | 2 July 2025 | [8] |
| 14 | FW | Igor Paixão | Feyenoord | €35M | 29 July 2025 | [9] |
| 97 | FW | Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang | Al Qadsiah | Free | 31 July 2025 | [10] |
| 22 | DF | Timothy Weah | Juventus | Loan | 6 August 2025 | [11] |
Total expenditure: €76.8 million (excluding any other fees)
Out
| No. | Pos. | Player | Transferred to | Fee | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 | DF | Luis Henrique | Inter Milan | €23M | 7 June 2025 | [12] |
| 77 | DF | Amar Dedić | Red Bull Salzburg | Loan return | 1 July 2025 | [13] |
| 99 | DF | Chancel Mbemba | Unattached | Released | 1 July 2025 | [14] |
| DF | Samuel Gigot | Lazio | €3.5M | 1 July 2025 | [15] | |
| 4 | DF | Luiz Felipe | Rayo Vallecano | Free | 7 July 2025 | [16] |
| GK | Pau López | Real Betis | Free | 22 July 2025 | [17] | |
| 3 | DF | Quentin Merlin | Rennes | €13M | 21 July 2025 | [18] |
| 21 | MF | Valentin Rongier | Rennes | €7M | 21 July 2025 | [19] |
| MF | Ismaël Koné | Sassuolo | Loan | 29 July 2025 | [20] | |
| 17 | MF | Jonathan Rowe | Bologna | Undisclosed | 24 August 2025 | [21] |
| 25 | MF | Adrien Rabiot | AC Milan | Undisclosed | 1 September 2025 | |
| 11 | MF | Amine Harit | İstanbul Başakşehir | Loan | 12 September 2025 | [22] |
Total income: €46.5 million (excluding add-ons, bonuses and undisclosed figures)
Pre-season and friendlies
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
| 20 July 2025 Friendly | Excelsior Maassluis | 0–5 | Marseille | |
| 12:00 CET | Report |
| 21 July 2025 Friendly | Olympic Charleroi | 1–1 | Marseille | |
| 12:00 CET |
|
Report |
| 9 August 2025 Friendly | Marseille | 3–1 | Aston Villa | |
| 19:00 CET |
|
Report |
Competitions
Overall record
| Competition | First match | Last match | Starting round | Final position | Record | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | |||||
| Ligue 1 | 15 August 2025 | 16 May 2026 | Matchday 1 | TBD | 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 36 | 15 | +21 | 62.50 |
| Coupe de France | 21 December 2025 | TBD | Round of 64 | TBD | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | +6 | 100.00 |
| Trophée des Champions | 8 January 2026 | Final | TBD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +0 | — | |
| UEFA Champions League | 16 September 2025 | TBD | League phase | TBD | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 8 | +3 | 50.00 |
| Total | 23 | 14 | 2 | 7 | 53 | 23 | +30 | 60.87 | ||||
Last updated: 21 December 2025
Source: Soccerway
Ligue 1
League table
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lens | 16 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 28 | 13 | +15 | 37 | Qualification for the Champions League league phase |
| 2 | Paris Saint-Germain | 16 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 14 | +21 | 36 | |
| 3 | Marseille | 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 36 | 15 | +21 | 32 | |
| 4 | Lille | 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 33 | 20 | +13 | 32 | Qualification for the Champions League third qualifying round |
| 5 | Lyon | 16 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 22 | 16 | +6 | 27 | Qualification for the Europa League league phase[a] |
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Head-to-head points; 4) Head-to-head goal difference; 5) Head-to-head goals scored; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored; 7) Goals scored; 8) Away goals scored; 9) Fair-play points (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played).[23]
Notes:
- ^ The 2025–26 Coupe de France winners also qualify for the Europa League league stage (or the sixth-placed team if the Coupe de France winners finish in the top five of Ligue 1). If the Coupe de France winners finish in the top six of Ligue 1, the Conference League spot will be passed to the seventh-placed team.
Results summary
| Overall | Home | Away | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| 16 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 36 | 15 | +21 | 32 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 24 | 8 | +16 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 7 | +5 |
Last updated: 14 December 2025.
Source: Ligue 1
Results by round
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss
Matches
The match schedule was released on 27 June 2025.[24]
| 15 August 2025 1 | Rennes | 1–0 | Marseille | Rennes |
| 20:45 CEST (UTC+2) |
|
Report | Stadium: Roazhon Park Attendance: 28,360 Referee: Jérémie Pignard |
| 23 August 2025 2 | Marseille | 5–2 | Paris FC | Marseille |
| 17:00 CEST (UTC+2) |
|
Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,074 Referee: Marc Bollengier |
| 31 August 2025 3 | Lyon | 1–0 | Marseille | Décines-Charpieu |
| 20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Report |
|
Stadium: Parc Olympique Lyonnais Attendance: 52,095 Referee: François Letexier |
| 12 September 2025 4 | Marseille | 4–0 | Lorient | Marseille |
| 20:45 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,098 Referee: Thomas Léonard |
| 22 September 2025 5 | Marseille | 1–0 | Paris Saint-Germain | Marseille |
| 20:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 66,190 Referee: Jérôme Brisard | ||
| Note: The match was originally scheduled for 21 September 2025 at 20:45, but was postponed due to heavy storms.[25] | ||||
| 26 September 2025 6 | Strasbourg | 1–2 | Marseille | Strasbourg |
| 20:45 CEST (UTC+2) |
|
Report |
|
Stadium: Stade de la Meinau Attendance: 23,262 Referee: Jérémie Pignard |
| 4 October 2025 7 | Metz | 0–3 | Marseille | Metz |
| 17:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Stade Saint-Symphorien Attendance: 28,300 Referee: Clément Turpin |
| 18 October 2025 8 | Marseille | 6–2 | Le Havre | Marseille |
| 21:05 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,869 Referee: Bastien Dechepy |
| 25 October 2025 9 | Lens | 2–1 | Marseille | Lens |
| 21:05 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Stade Bollaert-Delelis Attendance: 38,223 Referee: Stéphanie Frappart |
| 29 October 2025 10 | Marseille | 2–2 | Angers | Marseille |
| 21:05 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,599 Referee: Thomas Léonard |
| 1 November 2025 11 | Auxerre | 0–1 | Marseille | Auxerre |
| 21:05 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade de l'Abbé-Deschamps Attendance: 16,529 Referee: Benoît Bastien |
| 8 November 2025 12 | Marseille | 3–0 | Brest | Marseille |
| 17:00 CET (UTC+1) |
|
Report |
|
Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 66,279 Referee: Willy Delajod |
| 21 November 2025 13 | Nice | 1–5 | Marseille | Nice |
| 20:45 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Allianz Riviera Attendance: 27,089 Referee: Jérémie Pignard |
| 29 November 2025 14 | Marseille | 2–2 | Toulouse | Marseille |
| 21:05 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 65,163 Referee: Eric Wattellier |
| 5 December 2025 15 | Lille | 1–0 | Marseille | Villeneuve-d'Ascq |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report |
|
Stadium: Stade Pierre-Mauroy Attendance: 48,258 Referee: Jérôme Brisard |
| 14 December 2025 16 | Marseille | 1–0 | Monaco | Marseille |
| 20:45 CET (UTC+1) | Report |
|
Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,509 Referee: François Letexier |
| 8 February 2026 21 | Paris Saint-Germain | v | Marseille | Paris |
| --:-- CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Parc des Princes |
| 15 February 2026 22 | Marseille | v | Strasbourg | Marseille |
| --:-- CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome |
Coupe de France
| 21 December 2025 Round of 64 | Bourg-Péronnas | 0–6 | Marseille | Bourg-en-Bresse |
| 14:45 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Marcel-Verchère Attendance: 6,108 Referee: Stéphanie Frappart |
| 13 January 2026 Round of 32 | Bayeux | v | Marseille | Caen |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Michel d'Ornano |
Trophée des Champions
| 8 January 2026 Final | Paris Saint-Germain | v | Marseille | Kuwait City, Kuwait |
| 21:00 AST (UTC+3) | Report | Stadium: Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium |
UEFA Champions League
League phase
The draw for the league phase was held on 28 August 2025.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | Sporting CP | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 8 | +4 | 10 | Advance to knockout phase play-offs (seeded) |
| 15 | Barcelona | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 11 | +3 | 10 | |
| 16 | Marseille | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 8 | +3 | 9 | |
| 17 | Juventus | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 10 | +2 | 9 | Advance to knockout phase play-offs (unseeded) |
| 18 | Galatasaray | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 9 |
Rules for classification: League phase tiebreakers
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss
| 16 September 2025 1 | Real Madrid | 2–1 | Marseille | Madrid, Spain |
| 21:00 CEST (UTC+2) | Report | Stadium: Santiago Bernabéu Attendance: 74,610 Referee: Irfan Peljto (Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
| 30 September 2025 2 | Marseille | 4–0 | Ajax | Marseille, France |
| 21:00 CEST (UTC+2) |
|
Report |
|
Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 65,771 Referee: Anthony Taylor (England) |
| 22 October 2025 3 | Sporting CP | 2–1 | Marseille | Lisbon, Portugal |
| 20:00 WEST (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Estádio José Alvalade Attendance: 46,766 Referee: Rade Obrenović (Slovenia) |
| 5 November 2025 4 | Marseille | 0–1 | Atalanta | Marseille, France |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report |
|
Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,319 Referee: José María Sánchez Martínez (Spain) |
| 25 November 2025 5 | Marseille | 2–1 | Newcastle United | Marseille, France |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome Attendance: 64,521 Referee: Maurizio Mariani (Italy) |
| 9 December 2025 6 | Union Saint-Gilloise | 2–3 | Marseille | Brussels, Belgium |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Constant Vanden Stock Stadium Attendance: 16,214 Referee: João Pinheiro (Portugal) |
| 21 January 2026 7 | Marseille | v | Liverpool | Marseille, France |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Stade Vélodrome |
| 28 January 2026 8 | Club Brugge | v | Marseille | Bruges, Belgium |
| 21:00 CET (UTC+1) | Report | Stadium: Jan Breydel Stadium |
Statistics
Appearances and goals
| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | Ligue 1 | Coupe de France | Trophée des Champions | UEFA Champions League | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | |||||
| Goalkeepers | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | GK | ARG | Gerónimo Rulli | 19 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | |
| 12 | GK | NED | Jeffrey de Lange | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 36 | GK | ESP | Rubén Blanco | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Defenders | ||||||||||||||
| 4 | DF | ENG | CJ Egan-Riley | 12 | 0 | 5+3 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1+2 | 0 | |
| 5 | DF | ARG | Leonardo Balerdi | 17 | 1 | 8+4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3+1 | 0 | |
| 6 | DF | SUI | Ulisses Garcia | 6 | 0 | 2+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | |
| 21 | DF | MAR | Nayef Aguerd | 15 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |
| 28 | DF | FRA | Benjamin Pavard | 19 | 1 | 11+2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
| 29 | DF | ESP | Pol Lirola | 3 | 0 | 0+3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32 | DF | ARG | Facundo Medina | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| 33 | DF | ITA | Emerson Palmieri | 19 | 0 | 11+2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
| 62 | DF | PAN | Michael Amir Murillo | 18 | 2 | 10+3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2+3 | 0 | |
| Midfielders | ||||||||||||||
| 8 | MF | ENG | Angel Gomes | 18 | 3 | 12+1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+4 | 0 | |
| 17 | MF | DEN | Matt O'Riley | 19 | 1 | 6+6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4+2 | 0 | |
| 18 | MF | BEL | Arthur Vermeeren | 14 | 0 | 6+3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4+1 | 0 | |
| 19 | MF | CTA | Geoffrey Kondogbia | 8 | 0 | 5+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | |
| 20 | FW | CIV | Hamed Traorè | 1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 23 | MF | DEN | Pierre-Emile Højbjerg | 21 | 3 | 12+2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5+1 | 0 | |
| 24 | MF | CMR | François Mughe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 26 | MF | MAR | Bilal Nadir | 15 | 1 | 3+9 | 0 | 0+1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1+1 | 0 | |
| 50 | MF | FRA | Darryl Bakola | 8 | 0 | 0+7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 76 | MF | FRA | Tadjidine Mmadi | 4 | 1 | 0+2 | 0 | 0+1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | |
| Forwards | ||||||||||||||
| 7 | FW | FRA | Neal Maupay | 2 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 9 | FW | ALG | Amine Gouiri | 7 | 1 | 5+1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | |
| 10 | FW | ENG | Mason Greenwood | 22 | 15 | 14+1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3 | |
| 14 | FW | BRA | Igor Paixão | 20 | 8 | 10+3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5+1 | 4 | |
| 22 | FW | USA | Timothy Weah | 19 | 2 | 11+2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4+1 | 1 | |
| 34 | FW | FRA | Robinio Vaz | 19 | 4 | 3+11 | 4 | 0+1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+4 | 0 | |
| 48 | FW | FRA | Keyliane Abdallah | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 97 | FW | GAB | Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang | 20 | 8 | 10+4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3 | |
| Players transferred/loaned out during the season | ||||||||||||||
| 13 | DF | CAN | Derek Cornelius | 2 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 17 | FW | ENG | Jonathan Rowe | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 25 | MF | FRA | Adrien Rabiot | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Last updated: 21 December 2025
Source: Competitions
Notes
References
- ^ "First Team - Season 2025–2026". Olympique de Marseille. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
- ^ "England U21 defender Egan-Riley joins Marseille". BBC Sport. 14 June 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
- ^ "Angel Gomes en Bleu et Blanc" (in French). Olympique de Marseille. 4 July 2025.
- ^ "Mercato OM : l'annonce de Tottenham pour Pierre-Emile Højbjerg" [Transfer OM: Tottenham's announcement for Pierre-Emile Højbjerg]. www.topmercato.com (in French). Top Mercato. 31 May 2025. Retrieved 1 July 2025.
- ^ Kinsella, Nizaar (22 July 2024). "Spurs midfielder Hojbjerg joins Marseille on loan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ "Une option d'achat se lève à Marseille, les Verts récupèrent 20 000 euros" [Marseille lifts purchase option, Greens recover €20,000]. www.butfootballclub.fr (in French). But! Football Club. 27 May 2025. Retrieved 1 July 2025.
- ^ "Jonathan Rowe définitivement transféré à l'OM" [Jonathan Rowe definitively transferred to OM]. www.beinsports.com (in French). beIN Sports. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 1 July 2025.
- ^ "Facundo Medina en Bleu et Blanc" [Facundo Medina in Blue and White]. www.om.fr (in French). Marseille. 2 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
- ^ "Igor Paixão move set to break Olympique Marseille's transfer record". OneFootball. 29 July 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
- ^ "Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is back to OM". Olympique de Marseille. 31 July 2025. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
- ^ "Timothy Weah joins OM". Olympique de Marseille. August 6, 2025. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
- ^ "Luis Henrique is Inter's new player" (Press release). Inter Milan. 7 June 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
- ^ "Amar Dedić set to leave Marseille and return to Red Bull Salzburg". GetFootballNewsFrance. 1 July 2025. Retrieved 1 July 2025.
- ^ "IChancel Mbemba leaves Marseille". OneFootball. 1 July 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
- ^ "Samuel Gigot set to leave Marseille for Lazio on permanent deal". OneFootball. 25 June 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
- ^ "Luiz Felipe, nuevo jugador del Rayo Vallecano" [Luiz Felipe, new player of Rayo Vallecano] (in Spanish). Rayo Vallecano. 7 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
- ^ "Pau López, nuevo refuerzo del Real Betis Balompié" [Pau López, new addition of Real Betis Balompié] (in Spanish). Real Betis. 22 July 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2025.
- ^ "Quentin Merlin, nouvel atout Rouge et Noir" [Quentin Merlin, the new Red and Black asset] (in French). Stade Rennais FC. 21 July 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
- ^ "Valentin Rongier rejoint le Stade Rennais F.C." [Valentin Rongier joins Stade Rennais F.C.] (in French). Stade Rennais FC. 21 July 2025. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
- ^ "Mercato : Ismaël Koné officiellement prêté par l'OM à Sassuolo". L’Équipe. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
- ^ "Jonathan Rowe al Bologna" [Jonathan Rowe to Bologna] (in Italian). Bologna FC 1909. 24 August 2025. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
- ^ "Amine Harit loaned to Turkeydate=12 September 2025". www.om.fr. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
- ^ "League Rules" (PDF). www.lfp.fr. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Key Ligue 1 for the 2025-26 season". Ligue 1. 27 June 2025.
- ^ "Official statement". Olympique de Marseille. 21 September 2025. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
- ^ "League phase table". UEFA. Retrieved 5 November 2025.